Astronauts in Space Missions

Historical images of astronauts performing various tasks inside space shuttles, including using equipment and conducting research in microgravity environments.

An astronaut inside a NASA Command Module, 1970s.Artist: NASA

STS004-23-131 (27 June-4 July 1982) ---Astronaut Thomas K. Mattingly II, STS-4 commander, floats in the middeck area of the Earth-orbiting space shuttle Columbia. He handles two cameras at one time. In the commanders right hand is a 16mm data acquisition camera (DAC), and in his left hand is a TV camera. Note the suction-cup equipped footwear which Mattingly revealed to the world via TV on one of his popular “cooks tours” from crewmate Henry W. Hartsfield, pilot, operated a 35mm camera to expose this frame.

S84-27204 (3-11 Feb 1984) --- Astronaut Ronald E. McNair, STS 41-B mission specialist, prepares to assemble meal items aboard the Earth-orbiting Space Shuttle Challenger. The galley is located in the mid deck. The number of items in the area signals how busy it is. Later Dr. McNair died on January 28, 1986 on his next space flight STS 51-L when the Space Shuttle Challenger exploded after launch from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida.

STS091-378-028 (2-12 June 1998) --- Astronaut Franklin R. Chang-Diaz, payload commander, inputs data on a laptop computer associated with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) hardware located in the aft cargo bay. Reference JSC photo number STS091-367-033, which shows the hardware as seen from Russia's Mir space station, which was docked with Discovery at the time. AMS is the first large magnet experiment ever placed in Earth orbit.The scientific goal of this high-energy physics experiment is to increase our understanding of the composition and origin of the universe. It is designed to search for and measure charged particles, including antimatter, outside Earth's atmosphere. The charge of such particles can be identified by their trajectories in a magnetic field.

STS069-355-023 (7-18 September 1995) --- Astronauts David M. Walker (right), mission commander, and Michael L. Gernhardt, mission specialist, busy themselves on Space Shuttle Endeavours flight deck during rendezvous operations involving one of two temporarily free-flying craft. Endeavour, with a five-member crew, launched on September 7, 1995, from the Kennedy Space Center (KSC). The multifaceted mission ended September 18, 1995, with a successful landing on Runway 33 at KSC.

An astronaut inside a NASA Command Module, 1970s.Artist: NASA

S69-35098 (21-27 Dec. 1968) --- Astronaut James A. Lovell Jr., Apollo 8 command module pilot, is seen at the Apollo 8 Spacecraft Command Module's Guidance and Navigation station during the Apollo 8 lunar orbit mission. This picture was taken from 16mm motion picture film.

STS003-23-165 (22-30 Mach 1982) --- Pilot Fullerton dons ejection escape suit (EES) (high altitude pressure garment) life preserver unit (LPU) on forward port side of middeck above potable water tank. Fullerton also adjusts lapbelt fitting and helmet holddown strap.

STS072-349-018 (11-20 Jan. 1996) --- On the Space Shuttle Endeavours flight deck, astronaut Brett W. Jett Jr., pilot, monitors display of software dealing with proximity operations with one of two satellites. The crew retrieved the Japanese Space Flyer (SFU) and berthed in the aft cargo bay, as well as releasing and re-capturing the Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology (OAST) Flyer satellite.

STS009-15-755 (28 Nov-8 Dec 1983) --- The lone television monitor in the Spacelab module is a popular item in this 35mm scene of all four science specialists on the 10-day STS-9 mission. Left to right are Robert A. R. Parker, Byron K. Lichtenberg, Owen K. Garriott and Ulf Merbold.

STS035-515-003 (2-10 Dec 1990) --- STS-35 Pilot Guy S. Gardner, wearing his launch and entry suit (LES), reviews descent checklist while at the pilots station on the forward flight deck of Columbia, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 102. Crewmembers are conducting procedures related to the final stages of the mission and the landing sequence. Silhouetted in forward windows W4 and W5 are the head up display (HUD), flight mirror assembly, and a drinking water bag with straw.

ISS005-E-08544 (3 August 2002) --- Cosmonaut Sergei Y. Treschev, Expedition Five flight engineer, disassembles the Plasmakristall Telescience Apparatus in the Zvezda Service Modules transfer compartment on the International Space Station (ISS). Treschev represents Rosaviakosmos.

S82-28922 (30 March 1982) --- Astronaut C. Gordon Fullerton, STS-3 pilot, floats upside down in the zero-gravity environment of the middeck area of the Earth-orbiting space shuttle Columbia as he dons a modified USAF high altitude pressure garment. The brownish ejection/escape suit is used by the astronauts at launch and entry. Most of the remainder of their mission time, they are attired in a blue constant-wear garment. Astronaut Jack R. Lousma, crew commander, took this picture with a 35mm camera. The crew spent eight full days in the reusable spacecraft, a shuttle record.

ZERO GRAVITY AIRCRAFT KC135 FLIGHTS AT LEWIS RESEARCH CENTER

STS009-13-699 (28 Nov - 8 Dec 1983) -- Ulf Merbold, Spacelab 1 payload specialist, carries out one of the experiments using the gradient heating facility on the materials science double rack facility in the busy science module aboard the Earth-orbiting Space Shuttle Columbia. Representing the European Space Agency, Dr. Merbold comes from Max-Planck Institute in Stuttgart, the Federal Republic of Germany. He is a specialist in crystal lattice defects and low temperature physics. The photograph was made with a 35mm camera.

Paylaod Specialist, Fred Leslie working on experiment.

Payload Specialist Larry DeLucas and Payload Commander Bornie Dunbar working in USML-1.

Apollo 11 Commander Neil Armstrong performing Lunar Module (LM) simulations at Kennedy Space Center (KSC).

John Glenn Photographs from the Flight Deck

STS046-01-024 (31 July-8 Aug 1992) --- This area on the Space Shuttle Atlantis' flight deck forward port side was referred to as "Marsha's (Ivins) work station" by fellow crew members who good-naturedly kidded the mission specialist and who usually added various descriptive modifiers such as "messy" or "cluttered". Food, cameras, camera gear, cassettes, cable, flight text material and other paraphernalia can be seen in the area, just behind the commander's station.

STS083-346-002 (4-8 April 1997) --- Astronaut Susan L. Still, pilot, appears excited about the chore of vacuuming in the Spacelab Science Module as astronaut Michael L. Gernhardt approaches with the vacuum cleaner. Gernhardt is one of three mission specialists who joined the flight operations crew and two payload specialists in support of the Microgravity Science Laboratory (MSL-1) mission. The crew members were less than a fourth of the way through a scheduled 16-day flight when a power problem cut short their planned stay.

STS027-14-021 (2-6 Dec. 1988) --- Astronaut Guy S. Gardner, STS-27 pilot, appears to have enough cameras as he prepares to take photographs onboard the Earth-orbiting space shuttle Atlantis.

STS081-E-5008 (12 Jan. 1997) --- Astronaut Brent W. Jett, Jr., pilot, looks over a check list on the Space Shuttle Atlantis' aft flight deck as he joins five crew mates (out of frame) in readying the Orbiter for almost ten days in Earth-orbit. Part of that time, Atlantis will be docked with Russia's Mir Space Station. The second exchange of NASA astronauts serving as cosmonaut guest researchers will occur at that time. The scene was recorded with an Electronic Still Camera (ESC) and later downlinked to flight controllers in Houston, Texas.

STS045-38-033 (24 March-2 April 1992) --- Dirk Frimout, European Space Agency (ESA) payload specialist, routes Grille operations through the data display unit (DDU) on Atlantis' flight deck. The Grille spectrometer is an ESA experiment. Frimout and six other crewmembers spent nine days in Earth orbit in support of the Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science (ATLAS-1).

STS028-13-013 (August 1989) --- Astronaut Mark N. Brown, STS-28 mission specialist, assembles various components of a meal at the stowage locker area of Columbia's middeck, as James C. Adamson, mission specialist, looks on.

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- In Space Shuttle Discoverys payload bay, STS-92 Mission Specialist Michael E. Lopez-Alegria takes hold of a lever on the Pressurized Mating Adapter, part of the payload on the mission. Behind him Mission Specialist William S. McArthur Jr. describes a task while Mission Specialist Peter J.K. Wisoff looks on. The STS-92 crew has been inspecting the payload in preparation for launch Oct. 5, 2000. The mission is the fifth flight for the construction of the International Space Station. The payload also includes the Integrated Truss Structure Z-1. During the 11-day mission, four extravehicular activities (EVAs), or space walks, are planned

STS-91 crew members participate in the Crew Equipment Interface Test, or CEIT, in KSC's Orbiter Processing Facility Bay 2. Here, Mission Specialist Janet Kavandi, Ph.D., inspects a foot restraint for an external vehicular activity (EVA) spacewalk. During CEIT, the crew have an opportunity to get a hands-on look at the payloads and equipment with which they'll be working on-orbit. The STS-91 crew are scheduled to launch aboard the Shuttle Discovery for the ninth and final docking with the Russian Space Station Mir from KSC's Launch Pad 39A on May 28 at 8:05 EDT

STS113-339-008 (1 December 2002) --- Astronaut James D. Wetherbee, STS-113 mission commander, floats in the Destiny laboratory on the International Space Station (ISS).

STS079-365-004 (16-26 Sept. 1996) --- During off-duty time, Jerome (Jay) Apt, a licensed amateur radio operator, talks to ground contacts via the Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment (SAREX). The radio was also used for communications between the Space Shuttle Atlantis and Russia's Mir Space Station during docking and undocking activities. This photograph is one of fifteen 35mm frames (along with four 70mm frames) of still photography documenting the activities of NASA's STS-79 mission, which began with a September 16, 1996, liftoff from Launch Pad 39A the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) and ended with a landing at KSC on September 26, 1996. Onboard for the launch were astronauts William F. Readdy, commander; Terrence W. Wilcutt, pilot; John E. Blaha, Apt, Thomas D. Akers and Carl E. Walz, all mission specialists. On flight day 4, the crew docked with Mir. Shannon W. Lucid, who had spent six months aboard Mir, switched cosmonaut guest researcher roles with Blaha. The latter joined fellow

STS-51B, Spacelab-3, Payload Specialist Lodewijk van den Berg on flight deck with earth view out window.

(11-16 Nov. 1982) --- On middeck, astronaut Robert F. Overmyer, STS-5 pilot, drying his face with a towel from forward single tray personal item stowage locker, completes personal hygiene activities (shaving) and demonstrates use of intravehicular activity (IVA) foot restraint on floor.

51B-01-007 (30 April 1985) --- Astronaut Don L. Lind, 51-B Spacelab 3 mission specialist, observes the growth of mercuric iodide crystal in the vapor crystal growth system (VCGS) on the Spacelab 3 science module aboard the orbiter Challenger.

STS027-10-003 (2-6 Dec. 1988) --- From the left, astronauts Guy S. Gardner, STS-27 pilot, along with Jerry L. Ross and Richard M. (Mike) Mullane, both mission specialists, take a break from moving gear and equipment on the middeck of the Earth-orbiting space shuttle Atlantis.

STS-99 Commander Kevin Kregel goes through countdown procedures on the flight deck aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavour during Terminal Countdown Demonstration Test (TCDT) activities for the mission. The TCDT includes a simulation of the final launch countdown. STS-99 is the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission, which will chart a new course, using two antennae and a 200-foot-long section of space station-derived mast protruding from the payload bay to produce unrivaled 3-D images of the Earth's surface. The result of the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission could be close to 1 trillion measurements of the Earth's topography. Besides contributing to the production of better maps, these measurements could lead to improved water drainage modeling, more realistic flight simulators, better locations for cell phone towers, and enhanced navigation safety. Launch of Endeavour on the 11-day mission is scheduled for Jan. 31 at 12:47 p.m. EST

STS041-05-011 (6-10 Oct 1990) --- Astronaut Robert D. Cabana, STS-41 pilot, exhibits the weightlessness of space travel as he appears to float about on the middeck of Discovery. Careful inspection of the photo proves that, actually, his floating is limited, as he has anchored his left foot with a special restraint device. He apparently has chosen this vantage point to use the Arriflex motion picture camera in his right hand.

STS040-206-002 (5-14 June 1991) --- Held in place by the Spacelab Life Sciences (SLS-1) Medical Restraint System (MRS), astronaut Sidney M. Gutierrez, pilot, gets his ears checked by astronaut Tamara E. Jernigan, mission specialist. The two are in the SLS-1 module, onboard the Space Shuttle Columbia. The scene was photographed with a 35mm camera.

S66-57353 (13 Oct. 1966) --- Astronaut Edwin E. Aldrin Jr., pilot for the Gemini-12 spaceflight, practices work tasks on a mock-up of the adapter section of a spacecraft. Training took place onboard an Air Force KC-135 jet aircraft. He wears a life support chest pack during the exercise.

Apollo 13 Rig an Air Scrubber

S100-E-5032 (20 April 2001) --- Astronaut Chris A. Hadfield, representing the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), is pictured on Endeavour's flight deck as the shuttle steadily makes its way toward the International Space Station (ISS) following an April 19 launch. Hadfield is checking out rendezvous and communications gear in preparation for an April 21 docking with the station. This image was recorded by a fellow crew member using a digital still camera.

STS007-26-1439 (18-24 June 1983) --- Astronaut John M. Fabian, STS-7 mission specialist, is captured with a 35mm camera at his sleep station in the middeck of the Earth-orbiting space shuttle Challenger. This scene was selected by the five-member astronaut crew for showing at its July 1, 1983 Post Flight Press Conference (PFPC) at the Johnson Space Center's (JSC) main auditorium.

The IML-1 mission was the first in a series of Shuttle flights dedicated to fundamental materials and life sciences research with the international partners. The participating space agencies included NASA, the 14-nation European Space Agency (ESA), the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), the French National Center of Space Studies (CNES), the German Space Agency and the German Aerospace Research Establishment (DAR/DLR), and the National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA). Dedicated to the study of life and materials sciences in microgravity, the IML missions explored how life forms adapt to weightlessness and investigated how materials behave when processed in space. Both life and materials sciences benefited from the extended periods of microgravity available inside the Spacelab science module in the cargo bay of the Space Shuttle Orbiter. In this photograph, Commander Ronald J. Grabe works with the Mental Workload and Performance Evaluation Experiment (MWPE) in the IML-1 module. This

Onboard STS-73, USML-2 Mission Specialist, Payload Commander, Kathryn Thorton with (CGF) Crystal Growth Furnace

STS087-352-008 (19 November - 5 December 1997) --- Astronaut Kevin R. Kregel, mission commander, looks over the mission flight plan on the forward flight deck of the Space Shuttle Columbia. Kregel was accompanied by four other astronauts and a Ukrainian payload specialist for 16-days in space in support of the United States Microgravity Payload (USMP-4) mission.

C-141 KAO Planck Institute Heterdyne Spectrometer (MPI Bonn )

This photograph shows activities inside the science module during the Spacelab-1 (STS-9) mission. Left to right are Mission Specialist Robert Parker, Payload Specialist Byron Lichtenberg, Mission Specialist Owen Garriott, and Payload Specialist Ulf Merbold. The overall goal of the Spacelab-1 mission, the first mission of the Spacelab facility, were (1) To verify the Spacelab system capability, (2) to obtain valuable scientific, applications, and technology data from a U.S./European multidisciplinary payload, and (3) to demonstrate the broad capability of Spacelab for scientific research. More than 70 experiments in 5 disciplines from 14 nations were conducted during the mission. The mission marked the the entry of non-astronaut persornel, called Payload Specialists, into space as working members of the crew. They are fellow scientists representing the international group of investigators using the mission. Mission Specialists are NASA astronauts who have broad scientific training. They

STS095-E-5163 (1 Nov. 1998) --- Astronaut Stephen K. Robinson, mission specialist, works with an experiment in the glove box located in the Spacehab facility onboard Discovery. The photo was taken with an electronic still camera (ESC) at 01:53:47 GMT, Nov. 1.

STS085-312-006 (7-19 August 1997) --- Payload specialist Bjarni Tryggvason, representing the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), inputs data into a computer regarding the Microgravity Vibration Isolation Mount (MIM) experiment on the mid-deck of the Space Shuttle Discovery.

STS-91 crew members participate in the Crew Equipment Interface Test, or CEIT, in KSC's Orbiter Processing Facility Bay 2. Here, Mission Specialist Janet Kavandi, Ph.D., inspects a foot restraint for an external vehicular activity (EVA) spacewalk. During CEIT, the crew have an opportunity to get a hands-on look at the payloads and equipment with which they'll be working on-orbit. The STS-91 crew are scheduled to launch aboard the Shuttle Discovery for the ninth and final docking with the Russian Space Station Mir from KSC's Launch Pad 39A on May 28 at 8:05 EDT

Onboard Space Shuttle Discovery (STS-42) Astronaut Norman E. Thagard, payload commander, and Canadian payload specialist Roberta L. Bondar are busily engaged with experiments in the International Microgravity Laboratory (IML-1) science module. Bondar reads a checklist near the Biorack while Thagard performs a VCR tape change-out. The two, along with four other NASA astronauts and a second IML-1 payload specialist spent more than eight days conducting experiments in Earth orbit. Part of the Space Acceleration Measurement System is in center foreground.

In this photograph, astronaut Eugene Trinh, a payload specialist for this mission, is working at the Drop Physics Module (DPM), and mission specialist Carl Meade is working on the experiment at the Glovebox inside the first United States Microgravity Laboratory (USML-1) Science Module. The USML-1 was one of NASA's missions dedicated to scientific investigations in a microgravity environment inside the Spacelab module. Investigations aboard the USML-1 included materials science, fluid dynamics, biotechnology (crystal growth), and combustion science. The DPM is dedicated to the detailed study of the dynamics of fluid drops in microgravity. The Glovebox offers experimenters new capabilities and technologies in microgravity with a clean working space and minimizes contamination risks to both Spacelab and experiment samples. Payload specialists are professional scientists or engineers whose only assignment on a space flight is to carry out scientific and technological experiments. Their spe

This Space Shuttle Orbiter Discovery (STS-42) onboard photo shows Canadian Payload Specialist Roberta Bondar getting into the Microgravity Vestibular Investigation (MVI) chair to begin an experiment in the International Microgravity Lab-1 (IML-1) Science Module. The (MVI) chair was designed to test the crew member's visual and vestibular responses to head and body movements.

Pilot James M. Kelly (left) and Commander James D. Wetherbee for the STS-102 mission, participate in the movement of supplies inside Leonardo, the Italian Space Agency built Multipurpose Logistics Module (MPLM). In this particular photograph, the two are handling a film magazine for the IMAX cargo bay camera. The primary cargo of the STS-102 mission, the Leonardo MPLM is the first of three such pressurized modules that will serve as the International Space Station's (ISS') moving vans, carrying laboratory racks filled with equipment, experiments, and supplies to and from the Station aboard the Space Shuttle. The cylindrical module is approximately 21-feet long and 15- feet in diameter, weighing almost 4.5 tons. It can carry up to 10 tons of cargo in 16 standard Space Station equipment racks. Of the 16 racks the module can carry, 5 can be furnished with power, data, and fluid to support refrigerators or freezers. In order to function as an attached station module as well as a cargo tran

Space Shuttle Endeavour (STS-47) onboard photo of crew members working in the Spacelab-J module.

S93-46017 (13 October 1993) --- In the Johnson Space Center's (JSC) Shuttle mockup and integration laboratory, astronaut Pierre J. Thuot retrieves gear to rehearse a suit donning exercise on the middeck. Thuot's very realistic environs are provided by the Shuttle crew compartment trainer. Thuot, mission specialist, and four other NASA astronauts will spend two weeks in space aboard the Columbia in March of next year. He and astronaut Andrew M. Allen have been rehearsing contingency space walks. There is no scheduled extravehicular activity for the STS-62 flight.

STS-93 Catherine G. Coleman (Ph.D.) sits inside the orbiter Columbia during Terminal Countdown Demonstration Test (TCDT) activities that include emergency exit training and a launch-day dress rehearsal culminating with a simulated main engine cut-off. Other crew members participating are Commander Eileen M. Collins, Pilot Jeffrey S. Ashby, and Mission Specialists Steven A. Hawley (Ph.D.) and Michel Tognini of France, who represents the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES). Collins is the first woman to serve as a Shuttle commander. The primary mission of STS-93 is the release of the Chandra X-ray Observatory, which will allow scientists from around the world to obtain unprecedented X-ray images of exotic environments in space to help understand the structure and evolution of the universe. The targeted launch date for STS-93 is no earlier than July 20 at 12:36 a.m. EDT from Launch Pad 39B

(11-16 Nov. 1982) --- Astronaut William B. Lenoir, STS-5 mission specialist, observes middeck activities from access ladder. Carry-on food warmer appears in foreground and the wet trash stowage container and side hatch in the background.

STS047-07-032 (12-20 Sept 1992) --- Astronaut Mark C. Lee, payload commander, floats through the tunnel that connects Spacelab-J's Science Module to the Space Shuttle Endeavour's cabin. Lee was in the midst of a televised "tour" of the shuttle and its primary payload when he pointed to the Japanese sign overhead, which translates to, "EXIT-ENTRANCE". Lee was joined by five NASA astronauts and a Japanese payload specialist for eight-days of research in support of the Spacelab-J project.

STS102-317-001 (8 - 21 March 2001) ---Astronauts James M. Kelly (left) and James D. Wetherbee, pilot and commander, respectively, for the STS-102 mission,participate in the movement of suppliesinside Leonardo, the Italian Space Agency-built Multipurpose Logistics Module (MPLM).

STS103-378-005 (19-27 December 1999) ---Astronauts Claude Nicollier (left) andJean-Francois Clervoy, mission specialists representing the European Space Agency (ESA), move about on Discovery's mid deck in a manner they could not duplicate in Earth-bound training. A photography/television checklist floats nearby.

S66-57326 (13 Oct. 1966) --- Astronaut Edwin E. Aldrin Jr., pilot for the Gemini-12 spaceflight, attaches tether to hooks on mock-up of the adapter section of a Gemini spacecraft. He is taking part in zero-gravity training onboard an Air Force KC-135 jet aircraft in preparation for his extravehicular activity (EVA) during the actual mission.

STS50-262-004 (25 June-9 July 1992) --- Astronaut Kenneth D. Bowersox, STS-50 pilot, holds an autoclave used in the growing of zeolite crystals on the middeck of the Earth-orbiting Space Shuttle Columbia. He is standing near the Zeolite Crystal Growth (ZCG) furnace, which is housed in the space of two stowage lockers. On the 14-day U.S. Microgravity Laboratory mission, zeolite crystals were grown in 38 individual autoclaves, which were joined in pairs to be inserted into the 19 furnace orifices. While the autoclaves appear the same externally, there are several types of internal arrangements that were tested to determine which one provides the best mixing of the component solutions. The portrait of alternate payload specialist Albert Sacco, Jr. is mounted nearby. Sacco, serving as a ground controller at Marshall Space Flight Center in Alabama, worked in conjunction with the red shift crew in the science module.

(21-27 Dec. 1968) --- Astronaut Frank Borman, mission commander, is shown during intravehicular activity (IVA) on the Apollo 8 lunar orbit mission.

STS096-407-011 (27 May - 6 June 1999) --- Astronauts Kent V. Rominger, mission commander, and Julie Payette, mission specialist, participate in the overall chore of STS-96 of preparing International Space Station (ISS) for occupancy. The two are in the U.S.-built Unity node near the hatch leading to the Russian-built Zarya or FGB. Payette, an alumnus of the 1996 class of astronaut trainees, represents the Canadian Space Agency (CSA).

(22-30 March 1982) --- Pilot C. Gordon Fullerton, wearing communications kit assembly (ASSY) mini headset (HDST), reviews flight data file (FDF) checklist and text and graphics system (TAGS) printout (ticker tape) while in pilots ejection seat (S2). Pilot Station control panels F4, F7, F8, O3, window shade, and portable oxygen system (POS) assy appear in view.

Members of the STS-100 crew check out Endeavour inside the Orbiter Processing Facility bay 2. In their blue uniforms, they are (front to back) Commander Kent V. Rominger, Pilot Jeff rey S. Ashby, and Mission Specialists Yuri Lonchakov, who is with the Russian Aviation and Space Agency, and Chris Hadfield, who is with the Canadian Space Agency. Other crew members at KSC for the CEIT are Mission Specialists Scott Parazynski and Umberto Guidoni, who is with the European Space Agency. Endeavour is carrying the Multi-Purpose Logistics Module Raffaello and the Canadian robotic arm, SSRMS, to the International Space Station. Raffaello carries six system racks and two storage racks for the U.S. Lab. Launch of mission STS-100 is scheduled for April 19 at 2 41 p.m. EDT from Launch Pad 39A

S85-32002 (17 May 1985) --- The two payload specialists for 51G participate in a training exercise in the Shuttle mission simulation and training facility at the Johnson Space Center (JSC). Patrick Baudry, left, and Sultan Salman Abdelazize Al-Saud were briefed on the launch and entry phases of their upcoming flight. The photo was taken by Otis Imboden.

STS075-303-007 (9 March 1996) --- Astronauts Andrew M. Allen (left), mission commander, and Scott J. Horowitz (partially visible at right), pilot, have just completed the landing phase of the STS-75 flight. The Space Shuttle Columbia is now securely on Runway 33 at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC).

STS091-358-011 (2-12 June 1998) --- In Discovery's airlock, astronauts Charles J. Precourt, mission commander, and Wendy B. Lawrence, mission specialist, look over a copy of the flight plan. The two were accompanied by three other astronauts and a Russian cosmonaut on a mission to link with Russia's Mir space station for the final time and to retrieve astronaut Andrew S.W. Thomas for return to Earth.

CAPE KENNEDY, Fla. -- At Cape Kennedy Air Force Station in Florida, Gemini 12 command pilot James A. Lovell, left, and Edwin E. Buzz Aldrin Jr. wait for launch as technicians complete preparations of the spacecraft.

STS095-E-5250 (4 Nov. 1998) --- U.S. Sen. John H. Glenn Jr. (D.-Ohio), STS-95 payload specialist, resumes photography of Earth targets during Flight Day 7 activity on Discovery's flight deck. The photo was taken with an electronic still camera (ESC) at 21:10:48 GMT, Nov. 4.

Spacelab Life Science -1 (SLS-1) was the first Spacelab mission dedicated solely to life sciences. The main purpose of the SLS-1 mission was to study the mechanisms, magnitudes, and time courses of certain physiological changes that occur during space flight, to investigate the consequences of the body's adaptation to microgravity and readjustment to Earth's gravity, and bring the benefits back home to Earth. The mission was designed to explore the responses of the heart, lungs, blood vessels, kidneys, and hormone-secreting glands to microgravity and related body fluid shifts; examine the causes of space motion sickness; and study changes in the muscles, bones, and cells. This photograph shows astronaut Rhea Seddon conducting an inflight study of the Cardiovascular Deconditioning experiment by breathing into the cardiovascular rebreathing unit. This experiment focused on the deconditioning of the heart and lungs and changes in cardiopulmonary function that occur upon return to Earth. B

Astronaut James D. Halsell, Jr., mission commander, uses a Hi-8mm camcorder to videotape the Hand Held Diffusion Test Cells (HHDTC), in the Spacelab Science Module aboard the Earth-orbiting Space Shuttle Columbia (STS-94). Each test cell has three chambers containing a protein solution, a buffer solution and a precipitant solution chamber. Using the liquid-liquid diffusion method, the different fluids are brought into contact but not mixed. Over a period of time, the fluids will diffuse into each other through the random motion of molecules. The gradual increase in concentration of the precipitant within the protein solution causes the proteins to crystallize.

STS077-392-007 (19-29 May 1996) --- Inside the Spacehab Module onboard the Earth-orbiting Space Shuttle Endeavour, Canadian astronaut Marc Garneau, mission specialist, joins astronaut Curtis L. Brown, Jr., pilot, in checking out the audio control system for Spacehab. The two joined four other NASA astronauts for nine days of research and experimentation in Earth-orbit.

STS095-E-5177 (31 Oct. 1998) --- On Discovery's aft flight deck, astronaut Curtis L. Brown Jr., STS-95 commander, checks over notes with ground controllers in Houston. The photo was taken with an electronic still camera (ESC) at 00:41:51 GMT, Oct. 31.

S65-54319 (22 Sept. 1965) --- Astronaut Walter M. Schirra Jr., command pilot of the Gemini-6 prime crew, undergoes weight and balance tests in the Pyrotechnic Installation Building, Merritt Island, Kennedy Space Center, Florida.

STS003-22-127 (22-30 March 1982) --- Astronaut Jack R. Lousma, STS-3 commander, wearing communications kit assembly (assy) mini-headset, adjusts controls on Monodisperse Latex Reactor (MLR) experiment located in forward middeck lockers MF57H and MF57K. To reach MLR support electronics assy controls, Lousma squeezes in between forward lockers and Development Flight Instrument (DFI) unit on starboard bulkhead.

STS057-34-029 (21 June-1 July 1993) --- Astronaut Nancy J. Sherlock works on the Electronic Procedures Portion (EPROC) of the Human Factors Assessment (HFA) experiment. Astronaut Brian Duffy works nearby. The computer portion of HFA-EPROC simulated a space station propulsion system task. Sherlock, Duffy and four other astronauts spent almost ten days aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavour for the STS-57 mission.

Astronauts Fred W. Haise, Jr., Commander, left, and C. Gordon Fullerton in the cockpit of the Space Shuttle Orbiter 101 Enterprise prior to the fifth and final FF in the Approach and Landing Test (ALT) series, from DFRC. Original photo number was 77-HC-446. DFRC, CA

During the Crew Equipment Interface Test (CEIT) for mission STS-93, Mission Commander Eileen M. Collins checks out the flight deck on the orbiter Columbia, in the Orbiter Processing Facility Bay 3. The CEIT provides an opportunity for crew members to check equipment and facilities that will be aboard the orbiter during their mission. The STS-93 mission will deploy the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF) which comprises three major elements: the spacecraft, the telescope, and the science instrument module (SIM). AXAF will allow scientists from around the world to obtain unprecedented X-ray images of a variety of high-energy objects to help understand the structure and evolution of the universe. Collins is the first woman to serve as a shuttle mission commander. The other STS-93 crew members are Mission Specialist Catherine G. Coleman, Pilot Jeffrey S. Ashby, Mission Specialist Steven A. Hawley and Mission Specialist Michel Tognini of France. Targeted date for the launch of STS-9

STS-36 Mission Specialist (MS) Pierre J. Thuot operates 16mm ARRIFLEX motion picture camera mounted on the open airlock hatch via a bracket. Thuot uses the camera to record activity of his fellow STS-36 crewmembers on the middeck of Atlantis, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 104. Positioned between the airlock hatch and the starboard wall-mounted sleep restraints, Thuot, wearing a FAIRFAX t-shirt, squints into the cameras eye piece. Thuot and four other astronauts spent four days, 10 hours and 19 minutes aboard OV-104 for the Department of Defense (DOD) devoted mission.

STS085-339-006 (7 - 19 August 1997) --- Astronaut Kent V. Rominger, pilot, checks on the Solid Surface Combustion Experiment (SSCE) on the mid-deck of the Space Shuttle Discovery. The experiment, which occupies the space of four lockers, consists of a Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) fuel sample internally mounted in the center of a pressurized chamber. Two windows orthogonal to each other in the chamber wall allow viewing by a 16mm camera of the side edge and top of the PMMA sample.

STS035-10-015 (2-10 Dec 1990) --- This busy scene shows cameras and supportive photographic gear temporarily stowed on Space Shuttle Columbia's aft flight deck. It was photographed with a 35mm camera by astronaut Jeffrey A. Hoffman, mission specialist, who called the cluster a camera forest. The seven STS-35 crewmembers trained to record a wide variety of imagery with an equally broad range of equipment. In addition to cameras, a spot meter, film, a pair of binoculars, a bracket, lenses, lens cleaner and other photographic equipment are in the scene. Clouds over ocean waters are framed by an aft flight deck window at upper right.

S95-08375 (August 1995) --- Astronaut Kathryn C. Thornton, payload commander for the U.S. Microgravity Laboratory (USML-2) mission, prepares to go underwater in the Johnson Space Centers (JSC) Weightless Environment Training Facility (WET-F) pool. Thornton was about to rehearse contingency space walk tasks; there is no Extravehicular Activity (EVA) planned for the STS-73 mission.

STS085-312-019 (7 - 19 August 1997) --- Astronaut Stephen K. Robinson, mission specialist, uses a battery-powered, hand held laser-ranging device at the Space Shuttle Discovery's aft overhead windows during operations with the Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes for the Atmosphere-Shuttle Pallet Satellite-2 (CRISTA-SPAS-2).

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- During a payload Interface Verification Test (IVT) in the SPACEHAB Facility, STS-96 Pilot Rick Husband and Mission Specialist Ellen Ochoa (on the left) and Mission Specialist Julie Payette (on the far right) listen to Khristal Parker (second from right), with Boeing, explain about the equipment in front of them. Other crew members at KSC for the IVT are Commander Kent Rominger and Mission Specialists Tamara Jernigan, Dan Barry and Valery Tokarev of Russia. The SSU is part of the cargo on Mission STS-96, which carries the SPACEHAB Logistics Double Module, with equipment to further outfit the International Space Station service module and equipment that can be off-loaded from the early U.S. assembly flights. The SPACEHAB carries internal logistics and resupply cargo for station outfitting, plus an external Russian cargo crane to be mounted to the exterior of the Russian station segment and used to perform space walking maintenance activities. The double modu

STS-95 Payload Specialist John H. Glenn Jr., a senator from Ohio and one of the original seven Project Mercury astronauts, suits up with the help of George Brittingham, of United Space Alliance, in the Operations and Checkout (O&C)Building prior to his trip to Launch Pad 39-B. Glenn and the rest of the STS-95 crew are at KSC to participate in the Terminal Countdown Demonstration Test (TCDT) which includes mission familiarization activities, emergency egress training, and a simulated main engine cutoff. The other crew members are Payload Specialist Chiaki Mukai (M.D., Ph.D.), representing the National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA), Pilot Steven W. Lindsey, Mission Specialist Scott E. Parazynski, Mission Specialist Stephen K. Robinson, Mission Specialist Pedro Duque of Spain, representing the European Space Agency (ESA), and Mission Commander Curtis L. Brown. The STS-95 mission, targeted for liftoff on Oct. 29, includes research payloads such as the Spartan solar-observing de

STS106-352-009 (8-20 September 2000) --- Astronaut Terrence W. Wilcutt, STS-106 mission commander, performs a firing of the reaction control system on the flight deck of the Space Shuttle Atlantis. Earths horizon is visible through the commanders window.

Photos of orbiter fire rescue and crew escape training for extravehicular activity (EVA) crew systems support conducted in Bldg 9A Crew Compartment Trainer (CCT) and Fuel Fuselage Trainer (FFT) include views of CCT interior of middeck starboard fuselage showing middeck forward (MF) locker and COAS assembly filter, artiflex film and camcorder bag (26834); launch/entry suit (LES) helmet assembly, neckring and helmet hold-down assembly (26835-26836); middeck aft (MA) lockers (26837); area of middeck airlock and crew escape pole (26838); connectors of crew escape pole in the middeck (268390); three test subjects in LES in the flight deck (26840); emergency side hatch slide before inflated stowage (26841); area of below adjacent to floor panel MD23R (26842); a test subject in LES in the flight deck (26843); control board and also showing sign of "orbital maneuvering system (OMS) secure and OMS TK" (26844); test subject in the flight deck also showing chart of "ascent/abort summary" (26845).

S81-E-05143 (13 Jan. 1997) --- Toting a camcorder, astronaut Brent W. Jett, Jr., pilot, floats into the Spacehab Double Module (DM) affixed in the Space Shuttle Atlantis' cargo bay. This image was recorded with an Electronic Still Camera (ESC) and was later downlinked to flight controllers in Houston, Texas. Jett and five crew mates are preparing for a scheduled mid-week docking with Russia's Mir Space Station.

S68-40875 (5 July 1968) --- Astronaut John W. Young, Apollo 7 backup command module pilot, ingresses Apollo Spacecraft 101 Command Module during simulated altitude runs at the Kennedy Space Center's Pad 34.

STS072-312-026 (11-20 Jan. 1996) --- Astronauts Brian Duffy (left) and Brent W. Jett Jr. check the latest batch of mail uplinked to the Space Shuttle Endeavour from ground controllers in Houston, Texas. Duffy and Jett served as mission commander and pilot, respectively, for the week and a half mission.

STS036-01-014 (28 Feb-3 Mar 1990) --- Astronaut John O. Creighton, STS-36 mission commander, aims a 70mm Hasselblad camera through Atlantis' aft windows. The Hasselblad is primarily used for out the window shots, mostly those that feature subjects on Earth. Creighton and four other astronauts spent four and a half days in space for the DOD-devoted mission.

STS088-341-024 (4-15 Dec. 1998) --- Astronaut Nancy J. Currie, mission specialist, operates the controls of Endeavour's remote manipulator system (RMS) arm to ease the Russian-built Zarya module onto the U.S.-built Unity connecting module in the shuttle's cargo bay. At right are astronauts Robert D. Cabana, mission commander; and James H. Newman, mission specialist, partially out of frame.

STS087-385-019 (19 November - 5 December 1997) --- Astronaut Winston E. Scott, mission specialist on right, works at the mid-deck glove box while astronaut Takao Doi, international mission specialist representing Japan's National Space Development Agency (NASDA), makes oral commentary regarding the experiment to ground controllers. The two mission specialists not only shared science research in support of the 16-day United States Microgravity Payload (USMP-4) mission, but they also shared two lengthy Extravehicular Activities (EVA) in and around the cargo bay of the Earth-orbiting Space Shuttle Columbia. The space walks marked the first EVA for both Doi and the Columbia, but the mission for Scott provided both his second EVA experience and second space flight.

61C-02-032 (12-18 Jan. 1986) --- Astronaut Franklin R. Chang-Diaz, STS-61C mission specialist, while checking cargo in the space shuttle Columbia's payload bay, turns to smile at a fellow crew member using a 35mm camera. Some of the prolific camera gear onboard the spacecraft is affixed above the mission specialist's right shoulder.

ISS003-E-8020 (12 November 2001) --- Astronaut Frank L. Culbertson, Jr., Expedition Three mission commander, wearing thermal undergarment, adjusts his communication headgear in the Zvezda Service Module on the International Space Station (ISS). This image was taken with a digital still camera.

(26 March 1982) --- Astronaut Jack R. Lousma, STS-3 commander, spins a package of colored liquid in zero-gravity aboard the Earth-orbiting space shuttle Columbia.

STS042-06-031 (30 Jan 1992) - - - STS-42 Payload Specialist Roberta L. Bondar gets into the Microgravity Vestibular Investigations (MVI) rotator chair to begin an experiment. The chair is mounted in the center aisle of the International Microgravity Laboratory 1 (IML-1) Spacelab (SL) module. Just above Bondar's head is the helmet assembly which is outfitted with accelerometers to measure head movements and visors that fit over each eye independently to provide visual stimuli. The chair system has three movement patterns: "sinusoidal" or traveling predictably back and forth over the same distance at a constant speed; "pseudorandom" or moving back and forth over varying distances; and "stepped" or varying speeds beginning and stopping suddenly.

STS098-320-0017 (7-20 February 2001) --- Astronaut William M. (Bill) Shepherd, Expedition One commander, poses for a a photo at the ward room table while hosting members of the STS-98 crew (out of frame) onboard the International Space Station (ISS). Shepherd and two cosmonauts, onboard the outpost since early November 2000, will return to Earth with their third set of visitors (the STS-102 crew) in March of this year.

C-141 KAO Research Team for December 1979 with experiment mounted on telescope

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