Astronauts Training for Space Missions

Images of astronauts in training sessions for space missions, featuring activities in pools, centrifuges, and egress maneuvers with various equipment in a high-tech environment.

S69-35099 (21-27 Dec. 1968) --- Astronaut James A. Lovell Jr., Apollo 8 command module pilot, is seen at the Apollo 8 Spacecraft Command Module's Guidance and Navigation station during the Apollo 8 lunar orbit mission. This picture was taken from 16mm motion picture film.

S85-30878 (15 April 1985) --- Astronaut Jerry L. Ross, left, and Astronaut candidate Mark C. Lee rehearse the deployment of two specially designed flyswatter like tools on the end of the orbiter's remote manipulator system (RMS) arm. Their dry run of a planned Discovery STS 51-D extravehicular activity (EVA) is actually not so dry, since it is held in a 25 ft. deep pool, part of the Johnson Space Center's (JSC) weightless environment test facility (WET-F). Astronauts Jeffrey A. Hoffman and S. David Griggs, two 51-D mission specialists, have been assigned the task of April 16's EVA. A rendezvous with the troubled Syncom IV (LEASAT) satellite has been scheduled for the day after the EVA, and an attempt will be made by the arm to trip an important lever on the troubled communications satellite.

S68-53186 (1 Nov. 1968) --- Astronaut Frank Borman, Apollo 8 commander, egresses the gondola in Building 29 after centrifuge training in the Manned Spacecraft Center's (MSC) Flight Acceleration Facility (FAF).

S62-01383 (1962) --- Project Mercury astronaut M. Scott Carpenter, prime pilot of the Mercury-Atlas 7 (the nation's second manned orbital flight), completes top egress training in the white room at Cape Canaveral, Florida. The line he is holding is known as the "man line" which attaches the survival kit to the astronaut. The bag is the survival kit he carries for contingency landings. Clearly visible around his neck is the bag containing the life vest.

Astronauts Jeffrey Hoffman and David Griggs in Egress Training. 1. STS-51E - CREW TRAINING JSC, Houston, Texas

KSC-66C-1838Gemini-8 Spacecraft is being checked out at Complex 19 during a Simulated Countdown.

Stuart A. Roosa, Apollo 14 Command Module pilot, undergoes a final space suit check prior to liftoff. Apollo 14

Astronaut Mark Lee conducts Hubble Space Telescope training in Marshall's Neutral Buoyancy Simulator (NBS)

Alan B. Shepard, Jr., Apollo 14 mission commander, watches a technician conduct space suit checks during a demonstration test prior to countdown.

S69-35099 (21-27 Dec. 1968) --- Astronaut James A. Lovell Jr., Apollo 8 command module pilot, is seen at the Apollo 8 Spacecraft Command Module's Guidance and Navigation station during the Apollo 8 lunar orbit mission. This picture was taken from 16mm motion picture film.

S72-50270 (September 1972) --- Astronaut Eugene A. Cernan, commander of the Apollo 17 lunar landing mission, participates in lunar surface extravehicular activity simulation training under one-sixth gravity conditions aboard a U. S. Air Force KC-135 aircraft. Here, Cernan simulates removing an experiment package from the aft end of a Lunar Roving Vehicle.

S66-24422 (11 March 1966) --- Astronauts David R. Scott (left) and Neil A. Armstrong, both in full spacesuits, in white room entering the Gemini-8 spacecraft during countdown simulation.

Photograph taken within Gemini 5 of Astronaunts L. Gordon Cooper Jr., command pilot, and Charles Conrad Jr. Dated 20th century

Astronaut John Glenn in the Friendship 7 capsule during the first manned orbital flight, the MA-6 mission. Boosted by the Mercury-Atlas vehicle, a modified Atlas (intercontinental ballistic missile), the MA-6 mission lasted for 5 hours and orbited the Earth three times.

KSC-66C-1836Gemini-8 Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Command Pilot, and David R. Scott, Pilot arrive at White Room, Complex 19 to enter Spacecraft for Simulation Test. (jrs)

S66-49181 (August 1966) --- The three crew members for the Apollo-Saturn 204 (AS-204) mission check out the couch installation on the Apollo Command Module (CM) at North American's Downey facility. Left to right in their pressurized space suits are astronauts Virgil I. Grissom, Roger B. Chaffee and Edward H. White II. Editor's Note The three astronauts died in a fire on the launch pad, Jan. 27, 1967.

S69-33923 (April 1969) --- Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong, wearing an Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU), deploys a lunar surface television camera during lunar surface simulation training in Building 9, Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC). Armstrong is the prime crew commander of the Apollo 11 lunar landing mission.

S70-34412 (4 April 1970) --- Astronaut Fred W. Haise Jr., Apollo 13 lunar module pilot, participates in simulation training in preparation for the scheduled lunar landing mission. He is in the Apollo Lunar Module Mission Simulator in the Kennedy Space Center's Flight Crew Training building.

S65-29643 (3 June 1965) --- Astronaut James A. McDivitt, Gemini-4 command pilot, is shown in full spacesuit in the suit trailer prior to launch. He is reviewing a crew procedures flip book.

This photograph was taken during testing of an emergency procedure to free jammed solar array panels on the Skylab workshop. A metal strap became tangled over one of the folded solar array panels when Skylab lost its micrometeoroid shield during the launch. This photograph shows astronauts Schweickart and Gibson in the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) Neutral Buoyancy Simulator (NBS) using various cutting tools and methods developed by the MSFC to free the jammed solar wing. Extensive testing and many hours of practice in simulators such as the NBS tank helped prepare the Skylab crewmen for extravehicular performance in the weightless environment. This huge water tank simulated the weightless environment that the astronauts would encounter in space.

US Astronaut Edward H White II carrying out external tasks during third orbit of Gemini-Titan 4 flight. NASA photograph.

S66-47856 (11 Aug. 1966) --- Astronaut William A. Anders, backup crew pilot of the Gemini-11 spaceflight, participates in extravehicular activity (EVA) training under zero-gravity conditions aboard a KC-135 aircraft from Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio. He is suited, and he also wears an Extravehicular Life Support System (ELSS) chest pack.

JSC2003-00012 (7 Jan. 2003) --- Astronaut Robert L. Curbeam, Jr., STS-116 mission specialist, wearing a training version of the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) spacesuit, participates in an underwater simulation of extravehicular activity (EVA) scheduled for the 19th shuttle mission to the International Space Station (ISS). Curbeam was joined by astronaut Christer Fuglesang (out of frame), mission specialist, for the simulation, conducted in the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL) near the Johnson Space Center. Fuglesang represents the European Space Agency (ESA).

S66-34051 (3 June 1966) --- Astronauts Thomas P. Stafford and Eugene A. Cernan arrive in the White Room atop Pad 19 at the Kennedy Space Center in preparation for the launch of the Gemini-9 spaceflight.

Astronaut Mark Lee floats freely as he tests the new backpack called the Simplified Aid for EVA Rescue (SAFER) system. SAFER is designed for use in the event a crew member becomes untethered while conducting an EVA. The STS-64 mission marked the first untethered U.S. EVA in 10 years, and was launched on September 9, 1994, aboard the Space Shuttle Orbiter Discovery.

S64-14870 (May 1962) --- Astronaut M. Scott Carpenter, prime pilot for the Mercury-Atlas 7 (MA-7) flight, is seen in Hanger S crew quarters during a preflight suiting activity at Cape Canaveral, Florida. He is assisted in suiting by technician Al Rochford. In this view, Carpenter is fully suited and is having his gloves adjusted.

JSC2001-01543 (24 May 2001) --- Astronaut Michael J. Massimino, STS-109 mission specialist, is briefed by United Space Alliance (USA) crew trainer David Pogue on the usage of the Sky-genie device, used to lower oneself from a troubled shuttle, in a training session in the Space Vehicle Mockup Facility at the Johnson Space Center (JSC). Massimino is wearing a training version of the full-pressure launch and entry suit. STS-109 will be the 108th shuttle flight and the fourth Hubble Space Telescope (HST) servicing mission.

S66-21416 (18 Feb. 1966) --- Astronaut David R. Scott, in full spacesuit, holds maneuvering unit while suspended in a weightless state during extravehicular activity (EVA) training in a C-135 Air Force plane.

S66-31665 (3 May 1966) --- Astronaut Eugene A. Cernan, pilot of the Gemini-9 spaceflight, participates in extravehicular training under zero-gravity conditions aboard a KC-135 aircraft. Here, he is donning the Astronaut Maneuvering Unit (AMU) backpack after egressing a Gemini mock-up. The AMU backpack is mounted in the adapter equipment section of the mock-up. Cernan wears an extravehicular activity (EVA) life support system chest pack. Cernan will use the AMU during his scheduled EVA on the Gemini-9 mission. The KC-135 flew a parabolic curve to create the weightlessness condition for training purposes.

JSC2000-07082 (October 2000)--- Wearing a training version of the shuttle extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) space suit, astronaut Joseph R. Tanner, STS-97 mission specialist, simulates a space walk underwater in the giant Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL). Tanner was there, along with astronaut Carlos I. Noriega, to rehearse one of three scheduled space walks to make additions to the International Space Station (ISS). The five-man crew in early December will deliver the P6 Integrated Truss Segment, which includes the first US Solar arrays and a power distribution system.

KSC-66C-1869Astronauts Neil Armstrong and David Scott leave Suiting Trailer and enter Transfer Van at Cape Kennedy prior to boarding their Spacecraft for Gemini 8 Mission. (jrs)

S69-39270 (10 July 1969) --- Astronaut Edwin E. Aldrin Jr., lunar module pilot of the Apollo 11 lunar landing mission, participates in lunar extravehicular activity training under weightlessness conditions aboard a U.S. Air Force KC-135 jet aircraft from nearby Patrick Air Force Base. Aldrin is wearing an Extravehicular Mobility Unit, the type of equipment which he will wear on the lunar surface.

S65-29642 (3 June 1965) --- Close-up view of astronauts James A. McDivitt (foreground) and Edward H. White II inside their Gemini-4 spacecraft. NASA Headquarters alternative photo number is 65-H-294.

A test of an early Apollo spacesuit prototype taking place in one of the simulators. Test subject is receiving oxygen and cooling via the hoses.

S69-32243 (22 April 1969) --- Two members of the Apollo 11 lunar landing mission participate in a simulation of deploying and using lunar tools, on the surface of the moon, during a training exercise in Building 9 on April 22, 1969. Astronaut Edwin E. Aldrin Jr. (on left), lunar module pilot, uses a scoop to pick up a sample. Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong, Apollo 11 commander, holds bag to receive sample. In the background is a Lunar Module (LM) mock-up. Both crewmembers are wearing Extravehicular Mobility Units (EMU).

S66-54939 (29 Oct. 1966) --- Astronaut Edwin E. Aldrin Jr., pilot for the Gemini-12 spaceflight, practices work tasks during underwater zero-gravity training. He is placing his feet into a special foot plate in an adapter section of the spacecraft. The foot plate will help secure him to the spacecraft during extravehicular activity (EVA). The underwater environment closely simulates the zero-gravity condition found in space.

KSC-66C-1851Astronauts Neil Armstrong and David Scott leave Suiting Trailer to enter Transfer Van, Complex 19, Cape Kennedy prior to boarding their Spacecraft for Gemini 8 Mission. (jrs)

S66-57967 (10 Sept. 1966) --- Gemini-11 prime crew, astronauts Charles Conrad Jr. (right), command pilot, and Richard F. Gordon Jr. (left), pilot, prepare to enter the Gemini-11 spacecraft in the White Room atop Pad 19.

In this photograph, a skylab-4 astronaut performs Extra Vehicular Activities (EVA) outside of the lab. The third crew (Skylab-4) spent 84 days in the orbiting laboratory. The solar observatory was designed for full exposure to the Sun throughout most of the Skylab mission. Solar energy was transformed into electrical power for operation of all spacecraft systems. The proper operation of these solar arrays was vital to the mission.

Photograph of the sigma 7 which housed crew members of Mercury-Atlas 8, being hoisted aboard the USS Kearsarge. Dated 20th century

White and McDivitt Before Gemini-Titan 4

STS-99 Mission Commander Kevin Kregel suits up in the Operations and Checkout Building, as part of a flight crew equipment fit check, prior to his trip to Launch Pad 39A. The crew is taking part in Terminal Countdown Demonstration Test (TCDT) activities that provide the crew with simulated countdown exercises, emergency egress training, and opportunities to inspect the mission payloads in the orbiter's payload bay. STS-99 is the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission, which will chart a new course, using two antennae and a 200-foot-long section of space station-derived mast protruding from the payload bay to produce unrivaled 3-D images of the Earth's surface. The result of the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission could be close to 1 trillion measurements of the Earth's topography. Besides contributing to the production of better maps, these measurements could lead to improved water drainage modeling, more realistic flight simulators, better locations for cell phone towers, and enhanced navigati

S65-46388 (21 Aug. 1965) --- Astronauts L. Gordon Cooper Jr. (foreground) and Charles Conrad Jr. are pictured in their Gemini-5 spacecraft moments before the hatches are closed. The Gemini-5 spaceflight is planned as an eight-day mission.

S73-34207 (28 Aug. 1973) --- Astronaut Alan L. Bean, Skylab 3 commander, flies the M509 astronaut Maneuvering Equipment, as seen in this photographic reproduction taken from a television transmission made by a color television camera in the Orbital Workshop (OWS) of the Skylab space station in Earth orbit. Bean is strapped into the back-mounted, hand-controlled Automatically Stabilized Maneuvering Unit (ASMU). The M509 exercise was in the forward dome area of the OWS. The dome area is about 22 feet in diameter and 19 feet from top to bottom.

S64-36915 (1961) --- A NASA suit technician adjusts astronaut Virgil I. (Gus) Grissom's Mercury pressure suit during prelaunch activities at the Florida Space Center.

S61-02794 (5 May 1961) --- Astronaut Alan B. Shepard Jr., shakes hands with fellow astronaut Virgil I. Grissom (on left, back to camera), prior to ingressing the capsule for his Mercury-Redstone 3 (MR-3) spaceflight. Astronaut John H. Glenn Jr. (center background in white cap) looks on along with Gunter Wendt (to the left of Glenn) and two unidentified technicians.

S95-21281 (September 1995) --- Astronaut Linda M. Godwin, mission specialist, makes a final check of her respiration system before being submerged in a 25-feet deep pool at the Johnson Space Center's (JSC) Weightless Environment Training Facility (WET-F). Wearing high fidelity training versions of the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) spacesuit, both Godwin and Michael R. (Rich) Clifford were later simulating Extravehicular Activity (EVA) chores in the pool. Launch aboard the Space Shuttle Atlantis is scheduled for March of 1996.

S65-45683 (21-29 Aug. 1965) --- Astronaut Charles Conrad Jr. inside the Gemini-5 spacecraft as it orbited Earth. Astronaut L. Gordon Cooper Jr. took this photograph.

S89-46513 (15 Sept 1989) --- Three members of the STS-34 crew rehearse for their pre-launch procedures at Launch Pad 39B during Terminal Countdown Demonstration Test (TCDT) activities at Kennedy Space Center (KSC). From the foreground, Astronauts Shannon W. Lucid, Michael J. McCulley and Donald E. Williams are at the 195-ft. level of at Pad B. The crew entered Atlantis for the mock countdown. The five astronauts are expected to spend more than five days in Earth orbit next month, with their primary objective being to release the Galileo spacecraft and send it on its way to Jupiter. Not in the frame are Astronauts Franklin R. Chang-Diaz and Ellen S. Baker. (KSC-89PC-898)

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- READY FOR FLIGHT - On level three of gantry on pad 5, Project Mercury astronaut Virgil I. 'Gus' Grissom pauses briefly while a technician completes final adjustment in the Liberty Bell 7 spacecraft, which carried Grissom 118 miles into space on Friday, July 21, 1961. The craft's large trapezoidal observation window can be seen behind the pilot. The Pilot Observer Camera, which brought the astronaut's head and shoulders into view, was to reflect the lights on the flight events sequence panel through the 5-inch plexiglas parabolic mirror attached to Grissom's suit, to provide and accurately time record the pilot's voice communications, eye scan pattern and arm motions. The spacecraft sank on landing and has not been recovered. (NASA Photo)

STS032-S-062 (9 Jan 1990) --- Inside the White Room at Launch Pad 39A, a suit technician helps astronaut Daniel C. Brandenstein, mission commander, suit up for the launch of the orbiter Columbia on Shuttle Mission STS-32. Dubious weather at the return-to-launch site (RTLS) caused postponement of yesterday's planned launch. During the ten day mission, the five member crew is scheduled to deploy the SYNCOM IV-5 military communications satellite and retrieve the Long Duration Exposure Facility.

S66-62926 (12 Nov. 1966) --- Astronaut Edwin E. Aldrin Jr., pilot of the Gemini-12 spaceflight, is photographed with pilot's hatch of the spacecraft open. Note J.A. Maurer camera which was used to photograph some of his extravehicular activity (EVA). Astronaut James A. Lovell Jr. was the command pilot.

S75-21720 (14 Feb. 1975) --- Astronaut Alan L. Bean (foreground) and cosmonaut Aleksey A. Leonov participate in Apollo-Soyuz Test Project joint crew training in Building 35 at NASA's Johnson Space Center. They are in the Apollo Command Module trainer. The training session simulated activities on the first day in Earth orbit. Bean is the commander of the American ASTP backup crew. Leonov is the commander of the Soviet ASTP first (prime) crew.

STS-87 Pilot Steven Lindsey dons his launch and entry suit with the help of two assistants in the Operations and Checkout Building. Shortly, he and the five other crew members of STS-87 will depart for Launch Pad 39B, where the Space Shuttle Columbia awaits liftoff on a 16-day mission to perform microgravity and solar research. Although this is his first Shuttle flight, Lindsey has logged more than 2,700 hours of flying time in 49 different types of aircraft

The Apollo 8 Crew included (L to R) James Lovell, Command Module (CM) pilot; William Anders, Lunar Module (LM) Pilot; and Frank Borman, Commander. The first manned Apollo mission launched aboard the Saturn V and first manned Apollo craft to enter lunar orbit, the SA-503, Apollo 8 mission liftoff occurred on December 21, 1968 and returned safely to Earth on December 27, 1968. The mission achieved operational experience and tested the Apollo command module systems, including communications, tracking, and life-support, in cis-lunar space and lunar orbit, and allowed evaluation of crew performance on a lunar orbiting mission. The crew photographed the lunar surface, both far side and near side, obtaining information on topography and landmarks as well as other scientific information necessary for future Apollo landings. All systems operated within allowable parameters and all objectives of the mission were achieved.

S93-31928 (24 March 1993) --- Astronaut Carl E. Walz, mission specialist, navigates a one-person life raft during emergency bailout training exercises at the Johnson Space Center's Weightless Environment Training Facility (WET-F). Walz was joined in the training session by the four other NASA astronauts assigned to the STS-51 flight.

STS-82 Pilot Scott J. "Doc" Horowitz puts on a glove of his launch and entry suit with assistance from a suit technician in the Operations and Checkout Building. This is Horowitzs second space flight. He and the six other crew members will depart shortly for Launch Pad 39A, where the Space Shuttle Discovery awaits liftoff on a 10-day mission to service the orbiting Hubble Space Telescope (HST). This will be the second HST servicing mission. Four back-to-back spacewalks are planned

S70-56287 (14 Dec. 1970) --- Astronaut Alan B. Shepard Jr., commander of the Apollo 14 lunar landing mission, stands near a Lunar Landing Training Vehicle (LLTV) prior to a test flight at Ellington Air Force Base, Houston, on Dec. 14, 1970. Shepard will be at the controls of the Apollo 14 Lunar Module (LM) when it lands on the moon in the highlands near Fra Mauro. Astronaut Stuart A. Roosa, command module pilot, will remain with the Command and Service Modules (CSM) in lunar orbit while astronauts Shepard and Edgar D. Mitchell, lunar module pilot, descend in the LM to explore the moon.

Astronaut John H. Glenn, one of the original seven astronauts for Mercury Project selected by NASA on April 27, 1959. The MA-6 mission, boosted by the Mercury-Atlas vehicle, was the first manned orbital launch by the United States, and carried Astronaut Glenn aboard the Friendship 7 spacecraft to orbit the Earth.

S68-56532 (21-27 Dec. 1968) --- Astronaut William A. Anders, lunar module pilot, is shown during intravehicular activity (IVA) on the Apollo 8 lunar orbit mission. This still print was made from movie film taken by an onboard 16mm motion picture camera.

S61-02888 (1961) --- Astronaut Virgil I. (Gus) Grissom, suited up and ready to climb into Liberty Bell 7 spacecraft, stands in front of the capsule for a picture. Backup pilot John Glenn is in the right corner of the view behind Grissom. The Mercury-Redstone 4 (MR-4) mission was scrubbed a few hours later due to unfavorable weather over the launch pad.

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong (front) and Edwin E. Aldrin Jr. walk across the mobile launcher to enter their Apollo 11 spacecraft. Along with them is Joe Schmidt, a suit technician from Johnson Space Center. Not shown is the third member of the crew, astronaut Michael Collins. Liftoff of Apollo 11 is scheduled at 9:32 a.m. EDT from Pad 39A, which will begin man's first lunar landing mission.

S66-34060 (3 June 1966) --- Astronaut Thomas P. Stafford, Gemini-9A prime crew command pilot, adjusts a sleeve of his spacesuit during suiting up procedures at Launch Complex 16, Kennedy Space Center. The Gemini-9A liftoff was at 8 39 a.m. (EST), June 3, 1966.

Vostok 1 was the first spaceflight of the Vostok programme and the first human spaceflight in history. Launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome on April 12, 1961, with Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin aboard, making him the first human to cross into outer space.

Apollo 11 crew members (left to right) Michael Collins, Edwin Aldrin (foreground), and Neil Armstrong, wearing space suits, leave the Apollo 11 space craft after participation in the countdown demonstration test for the upcoming mission. The Apollo 11 mission, the first lunar landing mission, launched from the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida via the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) developed Saturn V launch vehicle on July 16, 1969 and safely returned to Earth on July 24, 1969. The CM, Columbia”, piloted by Collins, remained in a parking orbit around the Moon while the LM, Eagle’’, carrying astronauts Armstrong and Aldrin, landed on the Moon. On July 20, 1969, Armstrong was the first human to ever stand on the lunar surface, followed Aldrin. During 2½ hours of surface exploration, the crew collected 47 pounds of lunar surface material for analysis back on Earth. With the success of Apollo 11, the national objective to land men on the Moon and return them safely to Earth had

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - Apollo 15 Commander David R. Scott, left, and James B. Irwin practice an aspect of their upcoming lunar landing mission in the Lunar Module Simulator located at the Kennedy Space Center. They will be launched to the Moon, along with Command Module Pilot Alfred M. Worden, no earlier than July 26, 1971.

S69-31048 (18 April 1969) --- Suited astronaut Neil A. Armstrong, wearing an Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU), participates in lunar surface simulation training on April 18, 1969, in Building 9, Manned Spacecraft Center. Armstrong is the prime crew commander of the Apollo 11 lunar landing mission. Here, he practices scooping up a lunar sample.

STS082-738-054 (11-21 Feb. 1997) --- As photographed from inside the Space Shuttle Discoverys crew cabin, astronauts Steven L. Smith (left) and Mark C. Lee (red stripe) inspect insulation around Bay 10 of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) during one of five days of extravehicular activities (EVA) designed to service the HST. Lee, payload commander, and Smith, performed three of the five EVAs which eventually were carried out on the mission.

S69-39563 (20 July 1969) --- Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong (left), commander, and Edwin E. Aldrin Jr., lunar module pilot, are seen standing by the Lunar Module (LM) Eagle ladder in this black and white reproduction taken from a telecast by the Apollo 11 lunar surface television camera during the Apollo 11 extravehicular activity (EVA). This picture was made from a televised image received at the Deep Space Network (DSN) tracking station at Goldstone, California. While astronauts Armstrong and Aldrin descended in the Eagle to explore the Sea of Tranquility region of the moon, astronaut Michael Collins, command module pilot, remained with the Command and Service Modules (CSM) Columbia in lunar orbit.

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - Apollo 11 astronaut Edwin E. Aldrin Jr. is being assisted by a spacesuit technician during suiting operations in the Manned Spacecraft Operations Building prior to the astronauts' departure to Launch Pad 39A. The three astronauts, Edwin E. Aldrin Jr., Neil A Armstrong and Michael Collins, will then board the Saturn V launch vehicle, scheduled for a 9:32 a.m. EDT liftoff for the first manned lunar landing mission.

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - STS-107 Mission Commander Rick Husband waves during suitup for launch on mission STS-107. The mission is devoted to research and will include more than 80 experiments that will study Earth and space science, advanced technology development, and astronaut health and safety. The payload on Space Shuttle Columbia includes FREESTAR (Fast Reaction Experiments Enabling Science, Technology, Applications and Research) and the SHI Research Double Module (SHI/RDM), known as SPACEHAB. Experiments on the module range from material sciences to life sciences. Liftoff is scheduled for 10:39 a.m. EST.

During an emergency egress exercise at the launch pad, three STS-93 crew members stand in a slidewire basket that is part of an emergency escape route for persons in the Shuttle and on the Rotating Service Structure. From left are Mission Specialists Michel Tognini of France, Steven A. Hawley (Ph.D.) and Catherine G. Coleman (Ph.D.). The crew have been taking part in Terminal Countdown Demonstration Test (TCDT) activities that include the emergency exit training and a launch-day dress rehearsal culminating with a simulated main engine cut-off. Other crew members participating are Commander Eileen M. Collins and Pilot Jeffrey S. Ashby. Tognini represents the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES). Collins is the first woman to serve as a Shuttle commander. The primary mission of STS-93 is the release of the Chandra X-ray Observatory, which will allow scientists from around the world to obtain unprecedented X-ray images of exotic environments in space to help understand the structure

S69-38852 (22 Sept. 1969) --- These three astronauts have been named by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration

AS17-134-20384 (7-19 Dec. 1972) --- Scientist-astronaut Harrison H. Schmitt, lunar module pilot, is photographed next to the deployed United States flag during lunar surface extravehicular activity (EVA) at the Taurus-Littrow landing site. The highest part of the flag appears to point toward our planet Earth in the distant background. This picture was taken by astronaut Eugene A. Cernan, Apollo 17 commander. While astronauts Cernan and Schmitt descended in the Lunar Module (LM) to explore the moon, astronaut Ronald E. Evans, command module pilot, remained with the Command and Service Modules (CSM) in lunar orbit.

Astronaut Neil Armstrong, Apollo 11, July 1969

In the Orbiter Processing Facility bay 1, STS-102 Pilot James W. Kelly (right) checks out equipment in Discoverys payload bay. The crew is at KSC for Crew Equipment Interface Test activities. STS-102 is the 8th construction flight to the International Space Station and will carry the Multi-Purpose Logistics Module Leonardo. STS-102 is scheduled for launch March 1, 2001. On that flight, Leonardo will be filled with equipment and supplies to outfit the U.S. laboratory module Destiny. The mission will also be carrying the Expedition Two crew to the Space Station, replacing the Expedition One crew who will return on Shuttle Discovery

James Lovell space suit, John F Kennedy Space Center, Cape Canaveral, Brevard County, Florida, USA

S66-33162 (May 1966) --- Test subject Fred Spross, Crew Systems Division, wears configured extravehicular spacesuit assembly and Extravehicular Life Support System chest pack. The spacesuit legs are covered with Chromel R, which is a cloth woven from stainless steel fibers, used to protect the suit and astronaut from the hot exhaust thrust of the Astronaut Maneuvering Unit backpack. The Gemini spacesuit, backpack and chest pack comprise the AMU, a system which is essentially a miniature manned spacecraft. Astronaut Eugene A. Cernan will wear the AMU during his Gemini-9A extravehicular activity (EVA).

S61-02792 (5 May 1961) --- Astronaut Alan B. Shepard Jr., in his pressure suit and helmet, approaches the Freedom 7 capsule in preparation for insertion before the Mercury-Redstone 3 (MR-3) mission.

S66-54937 (29 Oct. 1966) --- Astronaut Edwin E. Aldrin Jr., pilot for the Gemini-12 spaceflight, practices egress procedures from a mock-up of his spacecraft during underwater zero-gravity training. He holds a telescoping handrail in his left hand which he will use to move from the spacecraft to the Agena Target Docking Vehicle. The underwater environment closely simulates the zero-gravity condition found in space.

S93-37890 (October 1993) --- Astronaut Jerry M. Linenger, STS-64 mission specialist, is assisted by Steve Voyles and Kari Rueter of Boeing Aerospace prior to participating in a rehearsal for a contingency extravehicular activity (EVA). Crewmates Mark C. Lee and Carl J. Meade have used the nearby 25-feet deep pool to rehearse a spacewalk designed to test and evaluate new EVA equipment.

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. -- Apollo 17 Lunar Module Pilot Harrison H. Schmitt, left, scoops soil samples into a specimen bag held by Mission Commander Eugene A. Cernan during a mock lunar surface training exercise conducted at the Kennedy Space Center. Schmitt and Cernan are scheduled to remain on the lunar surface 75 hours, leaving their lunar module spacecraft three times to explore the Moons Taurus-Littrow region. Launch of the Apollo Saturn V spacecraft vehicle, also with Astronaut Command Module Pilot Ronald E. Evans onboard, is scheduled no earlier than December 6, 1972.

S62-02846 (24 May 1962) --- Project Mercury astronaut M. Scott Carpenter, prime pilot for the Mercury-Atlas 7 (MA-7) mission, is assisted into the MA-7 spacecraft by techicians at Launch Pad 14, Cape Canaveral, Florida. MA-7 is the United States second attempt in orbital flight around Earth. The spacecraft was designated the Aurora 7.

S73-25399 (8 May 1973) --- Astronaut Paul J. Weitz, prime crew pilot of the first manned Skylab mission, is suited up in Bldg. 5 at Johnson Space Center (JSC) during prelaunch training activity. He is assisted by astronaut Charles Conrad, Jr., prime crew commander. The man in the left background is wearing a face mask to insure that Conrad, Joseph Kerwin and Weitz are not exposed to disease prior to launch.

S88-55875 (19 July 1961) --- Donning a spacesuit for the Mercury-Redstone 4 (MR-4) mission, astronaut Virgil I. (Gus) Grissom chats with spaceflight equipment specialist Joe W. Schmitt in the personal equipment room of Hangar S at Cape Canaveral, Florida. Shortly after this photograph was taken, the launch was postponed two days due to unfavorable weather conditions in the area.

ISS005-366-029 (23 November  7 December 2002) --- Astronaut Michael E. Lopez-Alegria, STS-113 mission specialist, is pictured in the Quest Airlock on the International Space Station (ISS) after participating in one of the missions three scheduled spacewalks. Lopez-Alegria is wearing his Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) spacesuit.

DF-SC-85-03768. Country: Unknown

S69-33997 (18 May 1969) --- Astronauts Eugene A. Cernan, Apollo 10 lunar module pilot, is seen in this color reproduction taken from the third television transmission made by the color television camera aboard the Apollo 10 spacecraft. When this picture was made the Apollo 10 spacecraft was on a trans-lunar course, and was already about 36,000 nautical miles from Earth. Also, aboard Apollo 10 were astronauts Thomas P. Stafford, commander; and John W. Young, command module pilot.

S92-40378 (1 July 1992) --- Astronaut Peter J.K. Wisoff, STS-57 mission specialist, fully suited in an extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) and helmet and standing on a platform, is lowered into the 25 foot deep pool of Johnson Space Centers (JSC) Weightless Environment Training Facility (WETF) Bldg 29. Once underwater, Wisoff will participate in an underwater extravehicular activity (EVA) simulation. A scuba-equipped diver already in the pool guides the platform into the water.

S82-41606 (December 1982) --- Astronaut Karol J. Bobko, left, STS-6 pilot, assists astronaut Donald H. Peterson, STS-6 mission specialist, prior to an underwater training session in the Johnson Space Centers weightless environment training facility (WET-F). Astronauts F. Story Musgrave and Peterson are scheduled to perform the Space Transportation Systems first extravehicular activity on Challengers first flight, slated for early next year.

JSC2002-01759 (20 September 2002) --- Astronaut Robert L. Curbeam, Jr., STS-116 mission specialist, floats in a small life raft during an emergency bailout training session in the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL) near the Johnson Space Center (JSC). Curbeam is attired in a training version of the shuttle launch and entry suit.

STS082-310-017 (15 Feb. 1997) --- This wide shot of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) in Discovery's cargo bay, backdropped against Australia, was taken during the third STS-82 space walk to service the orbiting observatory. Astronaut Steven L. Smith (left of center)works near the foot restraint of the Remote Manipulator System (RMS). Astronaut Mark C. Lee, payload commander who shared space walk chores with Smith, was out of frame.

Vintage Photograph. Man in Astronaut costume.

S65-46377 (21 Aug. 1965) --- Astronaut Charles Conrad Jr. pulls on a pair of white undergloves and has his temperature taken during suiting up operations on the morning of liftoff of Gemini-5 spaceflight from Cape Kennedy, Florida.

S62-03907 (24 May 1962) --- Astronaut M. Scott Carpenter looks into his Mercury-Atlas 7 spacecraft, the Aurora 7, before being inserted to begin the launch.

S64-14869 (February 1962) --- Astronaut John H. Glenn Jr., wearing a Mercury pressure suit, was the pilot of the Mercury-Atlas 6 (MA-6) mission. Glenn made America's first manned Earth-orbital spaceflight on Feb. 20, 1962. This photograph was taken at Cape Canaveral, Florida, during MA-6 preflight training activities.

Mercury astronaut Gordon Cooper wearing a spacesuit. His Mercury capsule's electricity failed during the 16th orbit, requiring him to actively pilot the space capsule during reentry. Feb. 25, 1963.

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