Historical Figures in Science

Engravings of notable scientists from the 19th century, featuring detailed portraits in an artistic style that reflects their era.

SPENCER FULLERTON BAIRD American naturalist and museum director associated with the Smithsonian Institution. Date: circa 1855

Franz Nissl, 1860-1919, German neurologist and psychiatrist, historical illustration, circa 1886

Francois-Vincent Raspail (25 January 1794 to 7 January 1878) was a French botanist, chemist, medical writer and politician. Historical, reproduction of a 19th-century scene.

SIR JOHN WILLIAM DAWSON Canadian geologist Date: 1820 - 1899

Ferdinand Jacob Heinrich Mueller, von Mueller since 1867, Freiherr von Mueller since 1871, 1825 - 1896, a German-Australian botanist and geographer, historical engraving, about 1889

August Kekule, born Friedrich August Kekule, from 1895 Kekule von Stradonitz, (born 7 September 1829, died 13 July 1896) was a German chemist and natural scientist who laid the foundations for the modern structural theory of organic chemistry, Historical, digital reproduction of an original from the 19th century

SPENCER FULLERTON BAIRD American naturalist and museum director associated with the Smithsonian Institution. Date: circa 1855

Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel, 16 February 1834, 9 August 1919, a German physician, zoologist, philosopher, draughtsman and freethinker, who from the 1860s onwards developed the ideas of Charles Darwin into a special theory of descent, Historical, digital reproduction of an original from the 19th century

Leo Lesquereux (1806-1889), born in Fleurier, Switzerland, he emigrated to America with his family in 1847 and settled at Columbus, Ohio. In the 1830s an illness rendered him deaf. A bryologist (expert on mosses and liverworts) and palaeobotanist, he assisted Louis Agassiz with the botanical part of his 'Journey to Lake Superior', and after William Sullivant's death in 1873 he completed his work on American mosses. Engraving, 1896.

An engraving depicting Jean Pierre Flourens (1794-1867) a French physiologist, the founder of experimental brain science and pioneer in anaesthesia. Dated 19th century

David Taylor Fish (1824-1901), botánico escocés, autor de diversos tratados sobre horticultura. Grabado de 1875.

Christian Gottlob Ferdinand Ritter von Hochstetter, 30 April 1829 - 18 July 1884, a German-Austrian geologist, naturalist and explorer, Historical, digital reproduction of an original from the 19th century

Alexander B. Mott, 1826-1889. Professor of Surgery, Belvue Hospital College, New York. 1881

Henry Bessemer (1813-1893) English engineer, inventor and industrialist. Among his inventions were the Bessemer steel process and the Bessemer converter. From La Nature (Paris, 1898). Engraving.

Thomas Davidson 1817-1885, British paleontologist. From the life of Sir Roderick I. Murchison by Archibald Geikie London, 1875. Copper engraving., Historically, digitally restored reproduction of a template from the 19th century, Record date not stated

Charles Darwin (1809-1882) English naturalist. Evolution by Natural Selection. Engraving from 'Harper's New Monthly Magazine', European edition, 1884. Engraving.

Leopold Alexander Friedrich Arends, December 4, 1817 - December 22, 1882, German stenographer and system inventor / Leopold Alexander Friedrich Arends, 4. Dezember 1817 - 22. Dezember 1882, deutscher Stenograf und Systemerfinder, Historisch, historical, digital improved reproduction of an original from the 19th century / digitale Reproduktion einer Originalvorlage aus dem 19. Jahrhundert,.

RIEMANN , BERNHARD. MATEMATICO ALEMAN. 1826 - 1866 REPRODUCCION FOTO.

Illustration showing Sir William Jardine, 7th Baronet (1800-1874), Scottish naturalist

Henry Bessemer (1813-1893) English engineer, inventor and industrialist. Among his inventions were the Bessemer steel process and the Bessemer converter. From La Nature (Paris, 1898). Engraving.

Franz Joseph Andreas Nicolaus Unger, 30 November 1800, 13 February 1870, Austrian botanist, palaeontologist and plant physiologist, digitally restored reproduction of a 19th century original, exact original date ni

Portrait of Théophile-Jules Pelouze (1807-1867) a French chemist. Dated 19th century

Portrait of Charles Edouard Brown Sequard (Port Louis 1817 - Sceaux 1894)British physiologist and neurologist, inventor hypodermic injection. Old XIX century engraved illustration from La Ilustracion Española y Americana 1894

Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden, geologist (1829-1887) who made Yellowstone known to the public. Colored engraving 19th century.

Frederick Augustus Abel (1827-1902). English chemist and inventor. Explosives: (with James Dewar) invented cordite: New method for manufacturing gun-cotton. Abel at 50. Engraving published 1893

KOCH, Robert (1843-1910). German physician, discoverer of the tuberculin. Nobel Prize in 1905. Engraving.

Illustration showing Samuel Finley Breese Morse (1791 - 1872); American painter and inventor. After having established his reputation as a portrait painter, in his middle age Morse contributed to the invention of a single-wire telegraph system based on European telegraphs. He was a co-developer of the Morse code and helped to develop the commercial use of telegraphy.

DARWIN, CHARLES ROBERT BIOLOGO INGLES. 1809-1882 LITOGRAFIA BIBLIOTECA NACIONAL. MADRID.

Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe, 1818, 1884, a German chemist, discovered a way of linking the alkyl radicals of acids by electrolysis of carboxylic acids and was the first to produce salicylic acid from phenolate and carbon dioxide, Historical, digitally restored reproduction from a 19th century original, a German chemist, discovered a way of linking the alkyl radicals of acids by electrolysis of carboxylic acids and was the first to prod

Vintage Photograph. Cyrus W. Field, Builder Of The First Transatlantic Telegraph System American History Illustration

James Prescott Joule (1818-1889) English physicist. Mechanical equivalent of heat (J). Engraving from 'The Graphic', London, 1889.

Charles Robert Darwin (12th February 1809 - 19th April 1882) was an English naturalist and geologist, best known for his evolutionary theory of humans 'Darwin's Theory'.

Jean-Baptiste Elie de Beaumont (1798-1874), French geologist. Engraving, 1873.

Rondeletius, Guillaume Rondelet, professor of medicine at the University of Montpelier, France, naturalist and botanist, 1507-1566. Steel engraving by Lizars from Sir William Jardine's The Naturalist's Library, W.H. Lizars, Edinburgh, 1843.

An engraving depicting Jean Pierre Flourens (1794-1867) a French physiologist, the founder of experimental brain science and pioneer in anaesthesia. Dated 19th century

John Ericsson (1803-89) Swedish-born American engineer and inventor. Designed ironclad warship 'Monitor'. Wood engraving.

Engraving of William John Wills, the Australian surveyor and explorer, pictured in 1860. Wills was born in England and emigrated to Australia in 1852, joining the staff of Melbourne's observatory. In 1860 he joined Robert O'Hara Burke's expedition to travel across the continent of Australia from South to North, by foot. Burke, Wills and John King reached the north shore of Australia, but only King survived the return journey to Melbourne. Date: 1862

Asa Gray, President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.. 1880. Prints. The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs: Print Collection

Portrait of Jean-Baptiste Joseph Dieudonné Boussingault (1801-1887) was a French chemist who made significant contributions to agricultural science, petroleum science and metallurgy. Old illustration from La Nature 1887

Isaac Lea, American publisher, geologist and conchologist, 1896. Artist: Unknown

Dr. Martin Bachmann, physician and bacteriologist for the Valdivia Expedition, died January 14, 1899

Rudolph Virchow (1821-1902), German pathologist and physician, as a young man. He became a doctor in 1843 and in 1845 he published a paper with the earliest identification of the blood disease leukemia. In 1849, at the age of 28, he held the first German chair of pathology at the University of Wurzburg.

ERASMUS WILSON scientist Date: 1809 - 1884

GALILEO GALILEI , 1564-1642. ASTRONOMO , FISICO Y MATEMATICO ITALIANO. GRABADO RETRATO. BIBLIOTECA NACIONAL . MADRID.

George Howard Darwin (1845-1912), Astronomer. From an engraving published in 1889. Plumian Professor of Astronomy, Cambridge

Alfred Russell Wallace (1823-1913) c1895. Welsh naturalist whose memoir, which Darwin saw in 1858, caused Darwin to modify his theory of evolution.

Heinrich Wilhelm Dove, 6 October 1803, 4 April 1879, was a German physicist and meteorologist, Historic, digitally restored reproduction of a 19th century original

Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel. Process print.

Johann Dzierzon, 16 January 1811, 26 October 1906, was a Silesian priest. He became known as a bee researcher, Historic, digital reproduction of an original from the 19th century

William Starling Sullivant (1803-1873), American botanist born at Columbus, Ohio. He specialised in bryology, the study of mosses and liverworts. Engraving, 1896.

DR. HENRY LETHEBY, (1816_1876), analytical chemist and public health officer, was born at Plymouth in 1816, and studied chemistry at the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society, ENGRAVING 1876, UK, britain, british, europe, united kingdom, great britain, european

With the aid of the spectroscope, which they invented in 1859, German chemist Robert Bunsen and physicist Gustav Kirchhoff discover that vaporizing a substance creates a unique 'signature' spectrum, which can be used to identify it. Using the spectroscope, in 1860, Bunsen and Kirchhoff discover two new alkali metalscesium and rubidium

Heinrich Wilhelm Dove, 1803-1879, a German physicist and meteorologist, Berlin Geographical Society, historical engraving, circa 1869

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov 1849 27 February 1936. Russian physiologist. Ivan Pavlov developed the concept of conditioned reflex He had come to learn this concept of conditioned reflex when examining the rates of salivations among dogs

Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt was a Prussian geographer, naturalist, and explorer, and the younger brother of the Prussian minister, philosopher and linguist Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767-1835). Humboldt's quantitative work on botanical geography laid the foundation for the field of biogeography. Between 1799 and 1804, Humboldt travelled extensively in Latin America, exploring and describing it for the first time from a modern scientific point of view. His description of the journey was written up and published in an enormous set of volumes over 21 years. He was one of the first to propose that the lands bordering the Atlantic Ocean were once joined (South America and Africa in particular). Later, his five-volume work, Kosmos (1845), attempted to unify the various branches of scientific knowledge. Humboldt supported and worked with other scientists, including Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac, Justus von Liebig, Louis Agassiz, Matthew Fontaine Maury, Georg von Neumayer, and most

Leslie Matthew 'Spy' Ward, 1851-1922, British, Vanity Fair - Doctors and Scientists. 'Astronomy'. Mr. Richard Anthony Proctor. 3 March 1883, 1883. Chromolithograph.

'Sir James Paget', c1900. British surgeon and pathologist, known for naming Paget's disease; President of the Royal College of Surgeons, considered as one of the founders of scientific medical pathology. Engraving after a photograph. From "Cassell's History of England, Vol. IX". Cassell and Company, Limited, London, Paris, New York & Melbourne

Raymond Lee Newcomb (1849 - 1918) was an American naturalist, taxidermist, artist, and astronomer from Salem, Massachusetts. He was part of the Jeannette expedition and edited and co-authored Our Lost Explorers: the narrative of the Jeannette Arctic expedition as related by the survivors. The Jeannette expedition of 1879-1881, Journal of Captain George Washington De Long 1879-1881. Old 19th century engraving from Le Tour du Monde 1906

MAXWELL, James Clerk (1831-1879). Scottish theoretical physicist. Oil.

Charles Robert Darwin (12 February 1809 in Shrewsbury - 19 April 1882) . British natural scientist. Portrait from 1874. His theory of evolution, which has since been confirmed by genetics, makes him one of the most important natural scientists of all time. His most famous works are: 'On the Origin of Species' and 'The Descent of Man and Sexual Selection'. Darwin was also the first to explain how coral reefs are formed. Great Britain

Matthias Jakob Schleiden (5 April 1804 23 June 1881) was a German botanist and co-founder of the cell theory, along with Theodor Schwann and Rudolf Virchow.

Pierre Jules Janssen (1824-1907) French astronomer who in 1868 discovered how to observe solar prominences without an eclipse. Old 19th century engraved illustration, Scientific ascent to the refuge des Grands Mulets, Mont Blanc by Pierre Jules César Janssen (1824-1907) in 1888 from Le Tour du Monde 1889

Charles Robert Darwin (12 February 1809 in Shrewsbury - 19 April 1882) . British natural scientist. Portrait from 1868. His theory of evolution, which has since been confirmed by genetics, makes him one of the most important natural scientists of all time. His most famous works are: 'On the Origin of Species' and 'The Descent of Man and Sexual Selection'. Darwin was also the first to explain how coral reefs are formed. Great Britain

Joseph Wilson Swan, British physicist and chemist, demonstrating electromagnetism, 1889. Artist: Unknown.

Karl Ernst von Baer (1792-1876) Estonian-born German naturalist and embryologist; discovered mammalian ovum (egg) in ovary. From 1834 professor at St Petersburg

ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE naturalist Date: 1823 - 1913

Hippolyte Fizeau (1819-1896) French physicist. 19th century. Measured the velocity of light on the earths surface (1849). Used Doppler principle to determine velocity of stars in line of sight. Confirmed the wave theory of light. From Les Merveilles de la Science, Louis Figuier, (Paris, 1870). Engra

Condenser telephone: Experiment in which insulating handles of a medical electrical machine used as a telephone. When connected to coil and placed to ears, sounds could be heard without difficulty. However, tingling sensation from electricity was felt. New York, 1890.

Condenser telephone: Experiment in which insulating handles of a medical electrical machine used as a telephone. When connected to coil and placed to ears, sounds could be heard without difficulty. However, tingling sensation from electricity was felt. New York, 1890.

Geologist with glasses, around 1910

Max Josef Pettenkofer, named von Pettenkofer since 1883, 1818 - 1901, Bavarian chemist and hygienist, wood engraving, 1880

Galileo, Galileo Eraser: Hart, Robert (1833) Publisher: Knight, Charles (1791) Dating: 1833 / 1861Procet Sort: London

Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (1821-1894). German physicist and physiologist, giving a lecture on 7 July 1894. Opthalmascope

Astronomy: an astronomer in his study, reading, while holding a pair of dividers. Woodcut.

Historical print, engraving, portrait of Carl or Karl Ritter, 1779-1859, co-founder of scientific geography, from Bildatlas zur Geschichte der Deutschen Nationalliteratur, von Gustav Koennecke, picture atlas, 1887

Henry Carvill Lewis (1853-1888) American geologist and mineralogist who made a special study of glacial phenomena. From 'The Popular Science Monthly' (New York, July 1889).

Henri Milne-Edwards (1800-1885) was an eminent French zoologist, France. Old 19th century engraved illustration from La Nature 1885

DARWIN, Charles Robert (1809-1882). British naturalist, author of the theory of evolution by natural selection. Painting.

Medical Jurisprudence'. Thomas Stevenson, British forensic scientist. Stevenson (1838-1908), a scientific analyst and toxicologist who acted as an expert witness, particularly in poisoning cases. Cartoon by 'Wag', pseudonym of AG Witherby (fl1894-1901) Science and Society Picture Library from 'Vanity Fair'. (London, 30 November 1899). Chromolithograph.

JOHN HALL GLADSTONE chemist, photo circa 1876 Date: 1827 - 1902

Hugo Marie de Vries (1848 1935). Dutch botanist and one of the first geneticists. He is known chiefly for suggesting the concept of genes; rediscovering the laws of heredity in the 1890s while unaware of Gregor Mendel's work; for introducing the term 'mutation'; and for developing a mutation theory of evolution.

Henri Milne-Edwards (1800-1885) was an eminent French zoologist, France. Old 19th century engraved illustration from La Nature 1885

Illustration showing Thomas Henry Huxley (1825 - 1895); English biologist specialising in comparative anatomy. He is known as Darwin's Bulldog for his advocacy of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.

unknown artist, nineteenth century, Vanity Fair - Doctors and Scientists. 'The Scientific Use of the Imagination'. Tyndall. 6 April 1872, 1872. Chromolithograph.

Jacobus Henricus Van't Hoff (1852-1911) Dutch chemist. Winner of first Nobel prize for chemistry, 1901. Engraving, 1902

Thomas Henry Huxley (1823-1883) British biologist. Foremost supporter of Darwin in debate on evolution by natural selection. Cartoon by 'Ape' (C.Pellegrini) from Vanity Fair, January 1871

Professor Nordenskiold, vintage engraved illustration. Journal des Voyages, Travel Journal, (1879-80).

Leslie Matthew 'Spy' Ward, 1851-1922, British, Vanity Fair - Doctors and Scientists. 'Spectroscopic Astronomy'. Sir William Huggins. 9 April 1903, 1903. Chromolithograph.

Heinrich SCHLIEMANN, 1822-1890, German archaeologist, photogravure from Schliemann's Excavations, An Archaeological and Historical Study, 1891, by Karl Schuchhardt

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Italian astronomer and mathematician. Chromolithograph after portrait by Sustermans

science biology primary representatives of ""Darwinism"": Charles Darwin (1809 - 1882) Jean Baptiste de Lamarck (1744 - 1829) Etienne Geoffroy Saint Hilaire (1742 - 1844) Ernst Haeckel (1834 - 1919) wood engraving by Adolf Neumann (1825 - 1884) circa 1880,

RAMON Y CAJAL , SANTIAGO. MEDICO ESPAÑOL . PETILLA DE ARAGON 1852 - 1934. OLEO DE S . CARRILLO. REAL ACADEMIA DE MEDICINA . MADRID.

George Frederick Wright, American geologist and cleric, 1892. Artist: Unknown

Biologist and paleontologist Richard Owen

Thomas Anderson, M.D., Professor of Chemistry. Thomas Annan (Scottish,1829 - 1887)

James Sheridan Muspratt 1821-1871 studied chemistry with Thomas Graham in Glasgow and London and Justus von Liebig in Gießen 1843. Founder of the Liverpool College of Chemistry 1848 and author of Chemistry. London, approx. 1860. Copper engraving., Historically, digitally restored reproduction of a template from the 19th century, Record Date Not Stated

Galileo

Heinrich Schliemann (1822-1890) German archaeologist. Excavations at Mycenae and Troy. Photograph 1877. Woodburytype.

Sir Archibald Edward Garrod (25 November 1857 28 March 1936) was an English physician who pioneered the field of inborn errors of metabolism.

Eadweard Muybridge (1830-1904) English-born American inventor and photographer, giving a talk to the Royal Society, London, on his photographic studies of animal motion. May 1889

Portrait of the eminent Russian scientist Elie Metchnikoff (1845-1916) published shortly after his death in July 1916. Metchnikoff became famous for his research as an embryologist and immunologist. He was jointly awarded the Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine in 1908. Date: 1916

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