Historical Metallurgical Processes

Engravings depicting ancient methods of refining gold and producing firearms, illustrating historical techniques and tools used in metallurgy.

Printers at work by Abraham Bosse, etching, 1642, 1602-1676, Russia, St. Petersburg, State Hermitage, 26, 1x36, 2

Refining gold: furnaces, 2,2, and operator, 9. The man near 4 is gradually heating a crucible surrounded by a ring of burning coals: to increase the heat coals were be raked into a smaller circle. From 1683 English edition of Lazarus Ercker 'Beschreibung allerfurnemisten mineralischen Ertzt- und Berckwercksarten' originally published in Prague in 1574. Copperplate engraving.

Artilleriewerkplaats, Philips Galle (attributed to workshop or), After Jan van der Straet, c. 1589 - c. 1593 print A few IJzergieters prepare a cannon in an artillery workshop. Above the melting oven the inventor of the gunpowder, Berthold Schwartz. In the background the siege of a city by cannons. The print has a Latin caption and is part of a nineteen -part series about new inventions and discoveries. print maker: Antwerpafter design by: Florencepublisher: Antwerp paper engraving iron and steel industry. firearms: cannon. projectiles, explosives, etc.: gunpowder. gun-smith, rifle-maker, armourer. laboratory apparatus and equipment. invention, discovery ~ science and technology. bombardment ~ siege

Extraction of sulphur by sublimation from pots with noses, historical account from Georgius Agricola, De re metallica libri XII, Berg- und Huettenwesen, Metallkunde, published 1556

Artillery workplace; Povvis Pyrivs; New inventions and discoveries; Nova Reperta. In an artillery workplace, some iron pillars make a gun ready. Above the melting furnace The inventor of the gunpowder, Berthold Schwartz. In the background the siege of a city through cannons. The print has a Latin caption and is part of a ninetical series about new inventions and discoveries.

Engraving depicting an experiment with a barometer. Dated 17th Century

A printer for copperplate engravings in the 17th century, historical illustration

Der Augsburger Quadrant von Tycho Brahe, 1546-1601, digital restaurierte Reproduktion einer Originalvorlage dem 19. Jahrhundert, Astronom aus Dänemark

Printers at work by Abraham Bosse, etching, 1642, 1602-1676, Russia, St. Petersburg, State Hermitage, 26, 1x36, 2

Engraving depicting the investigation of the impenetrability and permeability of various bodies. Dated 18th Century

alchemy destillation double destillation oven copper engraving ""Destillatorium"" by Rudolf Glauber Germany 17th century private collection,

'Twelfth key of Basil Valentine, showing the Philosopher's Stone must combine with gold to produce new gold as lion eatsserpent to change into its own substance. From '' Fr Basilii Valentini Benedictiner Ordens Chymische Schriften'', Leipzig, 1760'

Sanctorius (Sanctorio Sanctorio) (1561-1636) Italian physician and physiologist, friend of Galileo. Shown here seated in his balance (a steelyard) in which he could eat and sleep. He was the first to perform experiments on metabolism. From 'Ars de statica medicina' by Sanctorius (Leyden, 1711).

Engraving depicting the investigation the impenetrability and permeability of objects. Dated 18th Century

Natuurkundige Les, Christian Friedrich Fritzsch, 1759 print A company, consisting of eight men and two ladies, is around a table in a laboratory. In the cabinets and on the ground (measuring) instruments are for physical research. Amsterdam paper etching laboratory, research room

Illustration from Theatrum Machinarum Novum 1661 by Georg Andreas Böckler; A hand operated milling machine

An alchemist with his assistants in his laboratory. Engraving by J.P. Le Bas, 1747, after D. Teniers.

Illustration showing Philosophers demonstrating the mathematical sciences, including geometry and Pythagoras's triangle. 1793

Michel Schuppach, with a patient in the hands of a skelton (death); parody of engraving "La pharmacie rustique", by Chretien de Mechel, 1775.

Astronomia, Caspar Loyks, 1691 print Three women with different measuring instruments. The front woman measures a card with a passer. Behind this, the second woman absorbs the solar height with a Jacobs staff. The third immerses itself in an armillarium. In the foreground, two children consider a paper with mathematical figures and a globe. Amsterdam paper etching 'Astronomia' (~ quadrivium); 'Astronomia' (Ripa). measuring-instruments

Two midwives comfort a woman sitting in a birthing chair while a third midwife delivers the baby; while in the background two men are consulting astrological charts and the stars. Engraving from Swiss physician, Jakob Rueff's, THE CONCEPTION AND GROWTH OF MAN, 1580.

Using a speaking tube to communicate with someone or another room or on another floor. From ''Natural Philosophy'' by A. Ganot, London, 1887

Athanor or 'Slow Harry', a self-feeding furnace maintaining a constant temperature. Centre: 1) Athanor or 'Slow Harry': 2) side chambers containing reagents: 3) glass receivers. Back: 5) furnace heating retort. Bottom: 7) Long furnace. This plate shows the distillation of nitirc acid (also known as Aqua Fortis or Parting Acid) which was used in the refining and assaying of metals. From 1683 English edition of 'Beschreibung allerfurnemisten mineralischen Ertzt', Lazarus Ercker, (Prague,1574). Copperplate engraving.

A chemist holds up a flask to show his young assistant. Woodcut.

Assayer testing samples of gold and silver. From 1683 English edition of Lazarus Ercker 'Beschreibung allerfurnemisten mineralischen Ertszt' of 1580. Copperplate engraving. New plates with numbers rather than letters, but process faithfully copied.

Forging a magnet. From William Gilbert 'De Magnete', London, 1600. Metal on the anvil is aligned North/South (Septentrio/Auster). Woodcut

Textiles: two women preparing for silk spinning (top), and the equipment used (below). Engraving by R. Benard after L.-J. Goussier.

Laboratory for refining gold and silver, showing typical laboratory equipment. 1, Athanor or 'Slow Harry', a self-feeding furnace maintaining a constant temperature. 2,2. Side furnaces with receivers on stools, 4,4. On right of top shelf is a glass vessel shaped like an Hermetic vase. From 1683 English edition of 'Beschreibung allerfurnemisten mineralischen Ertzt', Lazarus Ercker, (Prague, 1574). Copperplate engraving.

Scene of cabbala and alchemist in laboratory with philosopher´s stone Phase I from Stephan Michel Spacherus Cabala, 1677. Museum: Biblioteca Bertoliana, VICENZA, ITALIA.

Gold Smith, European Trades - 1820

Reinier de Graaf during an anatomy lesson, G. Wingendorp, officina Hackiana, 1671.

Instrument of mathematical precision for designing objects in perspective. Facsimile of an engraving of Albert Dürer's work "Institutionem Geometricarum Libri Quatuor" in 1535. Sciences & Lettres au Moyen Age et à l'époque de la Renaissance. Paris, 1877.

Drawing of experiments with a barometer, by Joachim d'Alence. Dated 17th Century

Medicine. A German surgeon. Copy engraving by Hans Holbein, German from Consolation of Philosophy, 16th century.

Anatomical Les, Daniel Nikolaus Chodowiecki, 1791 print Berlin paper etching Utopia. dissection. anatomy lesson. (human) skeleton. other mammals

Assay laboratory with various forms of furnace including and athanor or 'Slow Harry', 7, self-stoking furnace for cementation, 9, and barrel-shaped furnace, 3, in which draught supplied by steam from water in container placed over hot charcoals. At 4 a crucible is being gradually heated in a ring of burning coals: to increase the heat coals could be raked into a smaller circle. From 1683 English edition of Lazarus Ercker 'Beschreibung allerfurnemisten mineralischen Ertzt- und Berckwercksarten' originally published in Prague in 1574. Copperplate engraving.

Anatomy and natural history. Design for a print.

A surgeon shows a gentleman his surgery: the room contains a human skeleton, écorché figures, rows of jars and a variety of medical instruments. Engraving, ca. 1748.

Nicolas Andry de Boisregard, Orthopedia, 1743

Preparation of sugar in the 18th century, vintage engraved illustration. From the Universe and Humanity, 1910.

Needles: Securing needles in polishing roll (1), polishing under lead weight (5.6), washing (2) drying (3), inspecting (4), grinding points (7). Specific, monotonous task. Process virtually unchanged for nearly 200 years. From Diderot 'Encyclopedie' Paris

Illustration depicting a game of billiards. Dated 19th century

Sanctorius Sanctorius. Line engraving by J. Beugo.

Illustration from Theatrum Machinarum Novum 1661 by Georg Andreas Böckler; A water powered flour mill with two grinding surfaces

Lavoisier, Antoine-Laurent (1743-1794). French chemist. Established the composition of the water and the basis of bioenergetics. Lavoisier discovers the composition of the air. Etching.

French engraving. Shop of a grocer and druggist, pharmacy. 17th cent.

History of Medicine. Saturation of the intestine. Woodcut in Dies ist das Buch Der Chirurgia (This is the Book of Surgery), 15th century.

Laboratory of an alchemist. Engraving by Huyot after a panel by Pieter Brueghel the Elder and engraving by Jerome Cock in the 16th century. Sciences & Lettres au Moyen Age et a l'epoque de la Renaissance. Paris, 1877.

Engraving depicting a man and a woman studying lightning in their living room. Frontispiece to 'La Nature Dans La Formation Du Tonnerre, Et La Reproduction Des Etres Vivans'. Dated 1766

Athanor or 'Slow Harry', a self-feeding furnace maintaining a constant temperature. This plate displays the Athanor and side chambers (5,5) for reagents in separate parts. One of the uses of the furnace was the production of nitric acid (also known as Aqua Fortis or Parting Acid) which was used in the refining and assaying of metals. From 1683 English edition of 'Beschreibung allerfurnemisten mineralischen Ertzt', Lazarus Ercker, (Prague, 1574). Copperplate engraving.

Electrification method in the 18th century, experiments with electricity, attraction of a woman's hair, current, generator, frictional electricity, experimental set-up, historical, digitally restored reproduction from a 19th century original, coloured, Electrification method in the 18th century, experiments with electricity, attraction of a woman's hair, current, frictional electricity, experimental set-up, historical, digitally restored reproduction from a 19th century original, col

A man thought to be dead arising from a table in a laboratory and frightening the proprietor. Drawing.

Astronomy: an scholar in his study, plotting points on a globe. Engraving by L. Garreau after J. Vermeer.

literature books ""Encyclopedie ou Dictionnaire raisonne des sciences arts et des metieres"" edited by Denis Diderot and Jean Baptist d' Alembert 1751 - 1772 engraving workshop of an instrument maker,

Le Chirugien de Campagne' ('The Country Surgeon'). Engraving c1747 by Thomas Major after David Teniers, showing the interior of a barber-surgeon's premises. The walls are decorated with animals, potions and medical instruments, and a seated man is shown having his foot attended to. Various items of equipment are spread out on the floor.

Archimedes (c287-212 BC) Ancient Greek mathematician and inventor, in his bath. Discovered formulae for calculating areas and volumes of plane and solid figures. Supposed to have shouted 'Eureka' on discovering principle of upthrust on a floating body. Woodcut 1547.

Von Guericke's second air pump (1656), shown here being used to exhaust two Magdeburg hemispheres. From 'Experimental Nova' by Otto von Guericke (Amsterdam, 1672).

Three people sitting around a water-vapour machine which is emitting dry steam, attempting to cure their illnesses. Engraving.

Enlightenment gentlemen and lady studying lightning in their living room. . Frontispiece to La Nature Dans La Formation Du Tonnerre by M. l'Abbe Poncelet. 1766

Beaver hats; 'felting' the body of the hats in the 'kettle'. Mercury was used during the manufacture and many hatters suffered from the uncontrollable shaking typical of mercury poisoning. From 'The Saturday Magazine', London, 10 January 1835. Woodcut.

'Laboratory scene: Compounding a balsam, an aromatic prepartion for healing wounds or soothing skin complaints. Centre,furnace with alembics, left man preparing leaves, right pounding with pestle and mortar. Woodcut c1570.'

Still life with Cartesian particles.

Line engraving depicting the picking of wool to separate it so that all parts of it will take the dye equally; English. Dated 18th century.

The skeleton of Death with his dart comes for a schoolmaster as he teaches astronomy to a class of children who flee in terror. Handcoloured copperplate drawn and engraved by Thomas Rowlandson from The English Dance of Death, Ackermann, London, 1816.

A cider-mill and a cider-press designed by John Worlidge and depicted in his 'Vinetum Britannicum' Date: 1678

Textiles: women in a garden sorting silkworm eggs for incubation. Engraving by B. Cole, 1749.

At workshop by Johannes Stradanus, copper engraving, 1580s, 1523-1605, Private Collection

The petard, a medieval explosive device in the form of a metal cone filled with gunpowder attached to a gate to blow it open. Invented in France in 1579 for Henri IV, King of Navarre. Copperplate engraving from Francis Grose's Military Antiquities respecting a History of the English Army, Stockdale, London, 1812.

Anatomy demonstration. Date: 16th Century

Interior of a pharmaceutical laboratory behind a shop, with people at work, the shop is visible through a doorway. Engraving, 1747.

Medicine, Anatomy, Surgery, The elements of surgery, 1764, an amputation of the leg, Historical, digitally restored reproduction from a 19th century original.

Condensing mercury vapour that has been distilled from mercury-bearing ore. From 'De la pirotechnia' by Vannoccio Biringuccio (Venice, 1540).

medicine narcosis narcotics doctor with anaesthetic woodcut by Cicero 1531,

Apodictic Waits, Allegory of Kant's philosophy, Jacob Smies, 1774 - 1833 drawing Cartoon on Kant's philosophy. In a busy pharmacy, a human skeleton is examined and displayed on the right; In the middle, philosophy books are cooked into `Abrakadra 'in a large flask. paper. watercolor (paint). ink pen / brush 'Philosophia'; 'Filosofia' (Ripa). discussion, dialogue, dispute ~ scholar, philosopher. pharmacist, druggist, apothecary; pharmacy, drugstore, dispensing chemist. (scenes from) specific works of literature (with AUTHOR, Title)

A physician examining a pregnant woman's urine specimen in his library. Mezzotint.

Plate 9, Tratado instructivo, y práctico, sobre el arte de la tintura: reglas experimentadas y metódicas para tintar sedas, lanas, hilos de todas clases, y esparto en rama, Fernández, Luis, Engraving, 1778

A woodcut engraving depicting the distillation of sulphur by heating in spouted ceramic pots. Vapour condensed in a layered pot and liquid collected in a wooden tub. Dated 16th century

Barber and surgery shop; Monkey game. The Surgery and Barbierwinkel. Interior of a store in which monkeys are cut and shaved. Medical actions also take place such as vein and tooth.

The discovery of the physicist Jallabert, the power of spikes

Illustration depicting ancient astronomer using 'sighting tubes' to observe the sky. Dated 19th Century

A woodcut engraving depicting the propagating of trees and shrubs using Mummy to speed root growth: Dipping the prepared branch of an apple tree (original state at A) into hot Mummy (E) then into cold water (D). G and H show how roots produced after the branch has been in the ground for 'some time'. Dated 18th century

Allegory on the Sciences, Bernard Picart, 1683 - 1733 drawing Design for a print. paper. deck paint. ink. pencil pen / brush science and technology

A woodcut engraving depicting the process of increasing the power of a candle by passing the light through a water-filled glass globe which acted as a condenser. Dated 17th century

Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564). Italian Renaissance artist. Michelangelo explaining anatomy to his disciples. Engraving after a composition of the baroque painter Georg Anton Urlab (1713-1759). La Ilustracion Espaola y Americana, September 15, 1876.

Engraving depicting John Wesley (1703-1791) an English cleric, theologian and evangelist, watching electrical experiments

Astronomy: a savant in his study, instructing a group of gentlemen. Engraving, 1748.

Assay laboratory, showing muffle furnace and balance, left. From 'De la pirotechnia' by Vannoccio Biringuccio (Venice, 1540).

A pen and ink drawing by Johann Endlinger depicting an alchemist at work, emphasizing figure, objects, and laboratory setting.

The skeleton of Death grinds slow poison in the Quack Doctor's shop, as the quack pours a fatal remedy in a bottle. Handcoloured copperplate drawn and engraved by Thomas Rowlandson from The English Dance of Death, Ackermann, London, 1816.

Geometry and engineering. Vignette from a multiplication table published in 1650 showing military engineers at work.

Drifting hearth, process in the smelter to separate gold and silver from added base metals, illustration from 1880 / Treibherd, Verfahren in der Schmelzhütte um Gold und Silber von beigemengten unedlen Metallen zu trennen, Illustration aus 1880, Historisch, historical, digital improved reproduction of an original from the 19th century / digitale Reproduktion einer Originalvorlage aus dem 19. Jahrhundert,.

A large chemical laboratory filled with apparatus and types of glass vessel. Engraving, 1778.

Clocks: a watch-maker seated at his workbench with a long-case and a bracket clock behind him, diagrams of movements above his head. Engraving, 1748.

Natural and experimental philosophy: gentlemen attending to a lecture. Engraving, 1748.

Scientists in a lab examining specimens in jars, through a microscope, with bloated animal and bird corpses on the floor. Copperplate engraving by Daniel Chodowiecki, Berlin, 1787.

Illustration depicting the extraction of information from a prisoner by means of water torture. Dated 16th Century

Illustration showing Hero's Aeolipile. 1835. Hero published a description of a steam-powered device called an aeolipile (Hero engine). Hero of Alexandria (c. 10 AD - c. 70 AD); mathematician and engineer who was active in his native city of Alexandria, Roman Egypt. He is considered the greatest experimenter of antiquity.

L'Astronome 1750-1800 Jean Edme Nochez. L'Astronome. Jean Edme Nochez (French, born Paris, 1736). 1750-1800. Etching. Prints

Soap factory. Mixing process. 18th century. Encyclopedie by Diderot et d'Alembert. Engraving.

Title page of Andreas Vesalius 'De Humani Corporis Fabrica', Basel, 1543, showing Vesalius dissecting a body.

Passing Bremen. The mummified bodies, vintage engraving. Passing Bremen. The mummified bodies, vintage engraved illustration. Journal des Voyage, Travel Journal, 1880-81. Copyright: xZoonar.com/PatrickxGuenettex 10656979

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