Marines in Tactical Exercises

U.S. Marines engaged in training exercises, showcasing tactical operations, teamwork, and military equipment in various environments and scenarios.

U.S. Marines assigned to Maritime Surveillance Platoon, 3rd Intelligence Battalion, III Marine Expeditionary Force Information Group, pause the patrol and conduct a radio call during a surveillance field exercise at the Jungle Warfare Training Center, Camp Gonsalvez, Okinawa, Japan, Sept. 12, 2022. MSP is an experimental unit whose mission is to decrease the commanders' uncertainty of the maritime domain through the employment of radars and other sensors. MSP provides the Marine Corps with its only organic maritime sensor surveillance capability in support of the Marine Air-Ground Task Force and Navy commanders' intelligence collection efforts.

U.S. Marine Corps Cpl. Trevor Turcotte, an infantry Marine with India Company, 3rd Battalion, 25th Marine Regiment, 4th Marine Division, takes a knee with his M4 Carbine before conducting their final exercise during exercise Tradewinds 2022 (TW22) at Belmopan, Belize, on May 19, 2022. The culminating event took place at the National Police Training Academy which consisted of various events occurring: riot control, close quarter combat and tactical field care. TW22 is a U.S. Southern Command-sponsored Caribbean-focused multi-dimensional exercise conducted in the ground, air, sea, and cyber domains, designed to provide participating nations opportunities to conduct joint, combined, and interagency training focused on increasing regional cooperation and interoperability in complex multinational security operations.

U.S. Marines assigned to Maritime Surveillance Platoon, 3rd Intelligence Battalion, III Marine Expeditionary Force Information Group, pause the patrol and conduct a radio call during a surveillance field exercise at the Jungle Warfare Training Center, Camp Gonsalvez, Okinawa, Japan, Sept. 12, 2022. MSP is an experimental unit whose mission is to decrease the commanders' uncertainty of the maritime domain through the employment of radars and other sensors. MSP provides the Marine Corps with its only organic maritime sensor surveillance capability in support of the Marine Air-Ground Task Force and Navy commanders' intelligence collection efforts.

111215-A-TF780-013 LA UNION, El Salvador (Dec. 15, 2011) Sgt. Jhonny Agudelo, assigned to the Marine Corps detachment embarked aboard High Speed Vessel (HSV 2) Swift, assists an El Salvadoran Marine adjust the front sight on his M4 rifle. The Marines are supporting Southern Partnership Station 2012, an annual deployment of U.S naval assets in the U.S. Southern Command area of responsibility.

220607-N-PG340-1120 SAN CLEMENTE ISLAND, Calif. (June 7, 2022) U.S. Navy Seabees with Naval Mobile Construction Battalion (NMCB) 5 and Marines with 7th Engineering Support Battalion participate in a mass casualty drill during Operation Turning Point, also known as their Field Training Exercise, at San Clemente Island. Operation Turning Point is an around-the-clock exercise that focuses on constructing advanced bases while maintaining proficiency in tactics and survivability. NMCB-5 is homeported out of Port Hueneme, California. They train on high-quality construction, expeditionary logistics, and combat operations to execute construction and engineering projects for major combat operations, disaster response, and humanitarian assistance.

U.S. Marine Corps Brig. Gen. Michael E. McWilliams, the deputy commander of Marine Forces Reserve and Marine Forces South, talks to the Marines with India Company, 3rd Battalion, 25th Marine Regiment, 4th Marine Division, after their culminating event during exercise Tradewinds 2022 (TW22) at Guacamallo Bridge, Belize, on May 18, 2022. The culminating event took place at the Guacamallo Bridge which consisted of various events occurring: posting security, ambushes and tactical field care. TW22 is a U.S. Southern Command-sponsored Caribbean-focused multi-dimensional exercise conducted in the ground, air, sea, and cyber domains, designed to provide participating nations opportunities to conduct joint, combined, and interagency training focused on increasing regional cooperation and interoperability in complex multinational security operations.

U.S. Marines with Marine Wing Support Squadron 172 and members of the Northern Army, Japan Self-Defense Force, repair a local airfield during exercise Resolute Dragon 22 at Camp Betsuka, Hokkaido, Japan, Oct. 1, 2022. Resolute Dragon 22 is an annual bilateral exercise designed to strengthen the defensive capabilities of the U.S.-Japan Alliance by exercising integrated command and control, targeting, combined arms, and maneuver across multiple domains.

U.S. Marines with 1st Battalion, 2d Marines conduct close quarters combat training during KAMANDAG 6, in San Vicente, Philippines, Oct. 8, 2022. KAMANDAG is an annual bilateral exercise between the Armed Forces of the Philippines and U.S. military, designed to strengthen interoperability, capabilities, trust, and cooperation built over decades of shared experiences. 1/2 is forward deployed under 4th Marines, 3d Marine Division as part of the Unit Deployment Program.

HATTIEVILLE, Belize (May 13, 2022)Members of Mexican Naval Infantry Corps Marines, St. Lucia Special Service Unit, and the United States military train on weapons familiarization at the Belizean live fire range in Hattieville, Belize during Exercise Tradewinds 2022, May 13, 2022. Tradewinds 2022 is a multinational exercise designed to expand the Caribbean regions capability to mitigate, plan for, and respond to crises; increase regional training capacity and interoperability; develop new and refine existing standard operating procedures (SOPs); enhance ability to defend exclusive economic zones (EEZ); and promote human rights and adherence to shared international norms and values; fully integrate women into defense, peace and security missions; and increase maritime domain awareness to deter illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing activities.

U.S. Marines with Maritime Special Purpose Force (MSPF), 26th Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU), connect to the line while conducting special patrol insertion and extraction (SPIE) training on Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, Sept. 29, 2022. SPIE training enhances Marines ability to maneuver through arduous environments, granting the Marine Air-Ground Task Force commander flexibility when inserting or extracting from complex terrain. The MSPF is preparing for a scheduled deployment as part of the 26th MEU.

Philippine Marine Corps Pfc. Herrol B. Sabando, left, Japan Ground Self-Defense Force Sgt. Takuya Ikeda, center, and U.S. Marine Corps Cpl. James Slusarz, right, with 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit, practice decontamination procedures at Naval Education, Training and Doctrine Command in Zambales, Philippines, on Oct. 4, 2022, during KAMANDAG 6. The class was intended to teach about decontamination in a chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear environment. KAMANDAG is an annual, bilateral exercise between the Armed Forces of the Philippines and the U.S. military designed to strengthen interoperability, capabilities, trust and cooperation built over decades of shared experiences.

U.S. Marines assigned to Maritime Surveillance Platoon, 3rd Intelligence Battalion, III Marine Expeditionary Force Information Group, use a terrain model to conduct a brief for a surveillance field exercise at the Jungle Warfare Training Center, Camp Gonsalvez, Okinawa, Japan, Sept. 12, 2022. MSP is an experimental unit whose mission is to decrease the commanders' uncertainty of the maritime domain through the employment of radars and other sensors. MSP provides the Marine Corps with its only organic maritime sensor surveillance capability in support of the Marine Air-Ground Task Force and Navy commanders' intelligence collection efforts.

U.S. Marine Corps Lance Cpl. Eusauner Barros, an infantry Marine with India Company, 3rd Battalion, 25th Marine Regiment, 4th Marine Division, stands alongside Mexican Marines before executing their culminating event during exercise Tradewinds 2022 (TW22) at Belmopan, Belize, on May 19, 2022. The culminating event took place at the National Police Training Academy which consisted of various events occurring: riot control, close quarter combat and tactical field care. TW22 is a U.S. Southern Command-sponsored Caribbean-focused multi-dimensional exercise conducted in the ground, air, sea, and cyber domains, designed to provide participating nations opportunities to conduct joint, combined, and interagency training focused on increasing regional cooperation and interoperability in complex multinational security operations.

CAMP SHELBY, Miss. (Jul. 24, 2022) Seabees assigned to Naval Mobile Construction Battalion (NMCB) 1 work with Marines assigned to Marine Wing Support Squadron (MWSS) 273 to carry a stretcher after an attack on the camp during Operation Turning Point, also known as their Field Training Exercise. Operation Turning Point is an around-the-clock exercise that focuses on constructing advanced bases while maintaining proficiency in tactics and survivability. NMCB 1 is homeported out of Gulfport, Miss. They are conducting an intense homeport training plan to expand their ability to execute construction, humanitarian assistance, and theater operations.

U.S. Marines with 1st Battalion, 3d Marines, 3d Marine Division, prepare to fire an 81mm mortar system during a live-fire range on Okinawa, Japan, April 14, 2022. Marines rehearsed combined arms tactics to maintain readiness for expeditionary operations in contested environments. 1/3 is forward-deployed in the Indo-Pacific under 4th Marines as a part of the Unit Deployment Program.

040920-M-4213L-001. Base: USMC Recruit Depot,Parris Island State: South Carolina (SC) Country: United States Of America (USA)

HAT YAO, Thailand (June 10, 2013) Cpl. Joel Christensen, I Company, 3rd Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment, 3rd Marine Division, provides security for his squad during an amphibious raid exercise with Royal Thai marines during exercise Cooperation Afloat Readiness and Training (CARAT) Thailand 2013. More than 1,200 Sailors and Marines are participating in CARAT Thailand. CARAT is a series of bilateral military exercises between the U.S. Navy and the armed forces of Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Timor Leste.

From left, U.S. Marine Corps Gunnery Sgt. Julio Arias, with 4th Air Naval Gunfire Liaison Company, Marine Forces Reserve, in support of Special Purpose Marine Air-Ground Task Force UNITAS LXIII, Terceio-Sargento (Sergeant Brazilian Marine Corps) Igor Aleixo, a forward observer with the Brazilian Marine Corps, and U.S Marine Corps Sgt. Brian Wu, with 4th ANGLICO, right, conduct call for fire drills at Sío Pedro da Aldeia, Brazil, Sept. 5, 2022. Marine Light Attack Helicopter Squadron (HMLA) 773 and 4th ANGLICO cross trained with the Brazilian Marine Corps by conducting simulated close air support drills, which consists of locating targets from the ground and relaying coordinates to assets in the sky to destroy. UNITAS trains forces to conduct joint maritime operations through the execution of anti-surface, anti-submarine, anti-air, amphibious and electronic warfare operations that enhance warfighting proficiency and increase interoperability among participating naval and marine forces.

U.S. Marines with Combat Logistics Battalion 31, 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit, secure all loose parts on a Joint Light Tactical Vehicle for helicopter support team training at Camp Hansen, Okinawa, Japan, June 29, 2022. The HST enables the setup of an expedient landing zone for aircraft, and are able to secure equipment such as JLTVs for pickup. The 31st MEU, the Marine Corps only continuously forward-deployed MEU, provides a flexible and lethal force ready to perform a wide range of military operations as the premiere crisis response force in the Indo-Pacific region.

U.S. Marine Corps Cpl. Andrew Bigelow, a military working dog handler with Provost Marshals Office, Marine Corps Installations Pacific, supervises Sgt. 1st Class Ryoji Ozawa, left, a sniper team leader with 1st Company, 51st Infantry Regiment, Japan Ground Self-Defense Force, as he practices the use of flexi cuffs during Exercise Keen Sword 2023 on Camp Foster, Okinawa, Japan, Nov. 11, 2022. Keen Sword exercises the combined command and control capabilities and lethality developed between MCIPAC, III Marine Expeditionary Force, and the Japan Self-Defense Force. This bilateral field-training demonstrates the U.S. military and JSDF interoperability and combat readiness of the U.S.-Japan Alliance.

U.S. Marines with 3rd Battalion, 6th Marines Regiment, 2d Marine Division, and French Foreign Legionnaires with 2nd Regiment receive a safety brief before conducting live-fire range at Nimes, France, May, 24, 2022. This was part of a bilateral training event with the French Foreign Legion that challenged the forces with physical and tactical training, as well as provided the opportunity to exchange knowledge and strengthen bonds.

U.S. Marine Corps Lance Cpl. Omar Mendez Dorta, center, a motor vehicle operator with Combat Logistics Battalion 4, Combat Logistics Regiment 3, 3rd Marine Logistics Group (3rd MLG), stands before Brigadier General Adam Chalkley, right, the commanding general of 3rd MLG, during exercise Winter Workhorse 24 on Combined Arms Training Center Camp Fuji, Japan, Feb. 5, 2024. Dorta is a native of Florida. Winter Workhorse is a regularly scheduled training exercise that is designed to enhance warfighting capabilities in contested environments. Marine Corps

U.S. Marines with 3d Battalion, 3d Marines, 3d Marine Division, conduct a live-fire unknown distance range during Resolute Dragon 22 on Kamifurano Maneuver Area, Hokkaido, Japan, Oct. 3, 2022. Resolute Dragon 22 is an annual bilateral exercise designed to strengthen the defensive capabilities of the U.S.-Japan Alliance by exercising integrated command and control, targeting, combined arms, and maneuver across multiple domains.

U.S. Marine Sgt. Maj. David Wilson, the sergeant major of 1st Marine Division, speaks with Marines about direct fire artillery during Steel Knight 23 at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California, Dec. 5, 2022. Steel Knight is an annual combined arms live-fire exercise which ensures 1st MARDIV is optimized for naval expeditionary warfare in contested spaces, and is purpose-built to facilitate future operations afloat and ashore.

U.S. Air Force Tech Sgt. James Lam, joint terminal attack controller assigned to 122nd Air Support Operations Squadron, Louisiana Air National Guard convey target information to F-16 Fighting Falcon pilots from the 120th Fighter Squadron, Colorado Air National Guard, while waiting for the second day of live bomb drops at Adavi Range, Latvia, during the Saber Strike 18 exercise, June 15, 2018. Saber Strike 18 is the eighth iteration of the long-standing U.S. Army Europe-led cooperative training exercise designed to enhance interoperability among allies and regional partners, while focusing on improving land and air operational capabilities and train with NATO's enhanced Forward Presence (eFP) battlegroups.

PORT HUENEME, Calif. (Aug. 9, 2022) Construction Mechanic 1st Class Tevarath Jullanant mans a fighting position as part of a simulated enemy during attack Naval Mobile Construction Battalion (NMCB) 18s Field Training Exercise (FTX). FTX is designed to analyze a battalions construction capability, expeditionary logistics, and combat operations to support major combat operations, disaster response, and humanitarian assistance.

MARINE CORPS BASE HAWAII (July 4, 2022) Paratroopers from the Malaysian Army conduct corner clearing drills during Urban Close Combat training alongside soldiers from the Australian Army on Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) 2022. The Australian Army led Multi-National Landing Force is leading an Urban Close Combat course for multiple participating nations at the Military Operations in Urban Terrain facility on Marine Corps Base Hawaii. Twenty-six nations, 38 ships, four submarines, more than 170 aircraft and 25,000 personnel are participating in RIMPAC from June 29 to Aug. 4 in and around the Hawaiian Islands and Southern California. The world's largest international maritime exercise, RIMPAC provides a unique training opportunity while fostering and sustaining cooperative relationships among participants critical to ensuring the safety of sea lanes and security on the world's oceans. RIMPAC 2022 is the 28th exercise in the series that began in 1971. (Photo by Royal Australian Air Force Corp

050627-N-9866B-040. Base: Training Area Bellows State: Hawaii (HI) Country: United States Of America (USA)

The United States Army's most qualified uniformed interrogation teams met at Fort Bragg, North Carolina to compete in the inaugural Army Interrogation Olympics to determine the Army's Best Interrogation Team of the Year. Military Intelligence Soldiers from Regular Army, Army Reserve, and Army National Guard components met and thrived in an austere field environment while refining and improving individual and collective HUMINT, analytical, leader, and Soldier skills. The competition was hosted by the 525th Expeditionary Military Intelligence Brigade from August 8 to 10, 2022.

U.S. Marines with 3d Battalion, 3d Marines, 3d Marine Division, conduct a live-fire unknown distance range during Resolute Dragon 22 on Kamifurano Maneuver Area, Hokkaido, Japan, Oct. 3, 2022. Resolute Dragon 22 is an annual bilateral exercise designed to strengthen the defensive capabilities of the U.S.-Japan Alliance by exercising integrated command and control, targeting, combined arms, and maneuver across multiple domains.

030417-M-9902V-127. Base: Marine Corps Base, Camp Hansen State: Okinawa Country: Japan (JPN) Scene Major Command Shown: HQMC

Kosovo Security Forces soldiers, attached to the Brigade Engineer Battalion Headquarters, conduct bomb disposal training during Exercise Combined Resolve 17 (CbR 17) at Hohenfels Training Area, Joint Multinational Readiness Center in Hohenfels, Germany, June 3, 2022. CbR 17 is a U.S. Army exercise consisting of 5,600 service members, Allies, and partners from more than 10 countries, and is designed to assess units abilities to conduct combat operations effectively in a multi-domain battle space.

U.S. Navy Hospital Corpsman 2nd Class Javier Rivas attached to 3rd Force Reconnaissance Company, 4th Marine division, teaches a class about helocasting to Colombian Marines, Sailors with the Suriname Navy, Guyanese Sailors and Mexican Marines during exercise Tradewinds 2022 (TW22), at Cocoyal outpost, Mexico, May 9, 2022. TW22 is a U.S. Southern Command-sponsored Caribbean-focused multi-dimensional exercise conducted in the ground, air, sea, and cyber domains, designed to provide participating nations opportunities to conduct joint, combined, and interagency training focused on increasing regional cooperation and interoperability in complex multinational security operations.

U.S. Marines with Combat Logistics Regiment 3, 3rd Marine Logistics Group, fire M4 carbines and M16A4 service rifles for a table five and six range during exercise Winter Workhorse, at Camp Hansen, Okinawa, Japan, Dec. 9, 2022. Winter Workhorse is an annual exercise for CLR-3 to train to carry out mission essential tasks in forward-deployed, austere environments.

U.S. Navy Steel Worker 2nd Class Matthew Mugg, with Amphibious Contruction Battalion 1, and a native of Lancaster, Ohio, speaks with cadets of the Philippine Army during a tour of Camp Agnew, Casigueran, Philippines in preparation for Balikatan 23 on April 3, 2023. Balikatan is an annual exercise between the Armed Forces of the Philippines and U.S. military designed to strengthen bilateral interoperability, capabilities, trust, and cooperation built over decades shared experiences.

U.S. Marine Corps Cpl. Henry Bake, a machine gunner with Weapons Company, 3d Battalion, 7th Marine Regiment, Ground Combat Element, Marine Rotational Force-Darwin 22, acts as a range safety officer during a live-fire sneaker range at Kangaroo Flats Training Area, NT, Australia, May 4, 2022. Weapons Company conducted the live-fire training exercise to maintain their readiness in crisis and contingency response within the Indo-Pacific region.

U.S. Marines with 12th Marines, 3d Marine Division, and members of the Northern Army, Japan Self- Defense Force, participate in the opening ceremony for exercise Resolute Dragon 22 at Yausubetsu Maneuver Area, Hokkaido, Japan, Oct. 1, 2022. Resolute Dragon 22 is an annual bilateral exercise designed to strengthen the defensive capabilities of the U.S.-Japan Alliance by exercising integrated command and control, targeting, combined arms, and maneuver across multiple domains.

U.S. Marines with Marine Wing Support Squadron (MWSS) 172 and MWSS-171 disembark a CH-53E Super Stallion Helicopter during a field exercise at Jungle Warfare Training Center, Camp Gonsalves, Okinawa, Japan, July 19, 2022. MWSS-172 held this exercise in order to demonstrate proof of concept for external lifts, to refine the Expeditionary Advanced Base Operations concept, and to improve the engineer companys combat effectiveness in an expeditionary jungle warfare environment.

Soldiers assigned to 3rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team, 25th Infantry Division, left, and 3rd Battalion Fiji Infantry Regiment transition from facing North to South during urban operations warm-ups as part of Exercise Cartwheel at Black Rock Camp, Fiji, September 13, 2022. Exercise Cartwheel is a multilateral military-to-military training exercise with the Republic of Fiji Military, Australian, New Zealand, and British forces that builds expeditionary readiness and interoperability by increasing the capacity to face a crisis and contingencies by developing and stressing units at the highest training levels.

U.S. Marine Corps Lance Cpl. Cameron Roof, a machine gunner with Battalion Landing Team 2/5, 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit, and a native of Pittsboro, Indiana, reassembles a Philippine M60 machine gun in Claveria, Philippines, Oct. 3, 2022. The bilateral training was conducted as part of KAMANDAG 6 to share tactics, techniques and procedures. KAMANDAG is an annual bilateral exercise between the Armed Forces of the Philippines and U.S. military designed to strengthen interoperability, capabilities, trust, and cooperation built over decades shared experiences.

U.S. Marine Corps Cpl. Charles Wray, a Bettendorf, Iowa, native and a field radio operator with 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment, 2d Marine Division, conducts a radio check during a Marine Corps Combat Readiness Evaluation on Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, Oct. 4, 2022. The purpose of a MCCRE is to formally evaluate the units combat readiness in preparation for deployment.

Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps (NROTC) Midshipmen take part in a Small Unit Leadership Evaluation (SULE) during their Summer Training Program at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, N.C., July 21, 2022. NROTC Midshipmen Summer Training develops and trains Midshipmen in order to provide the Fleet a competent and professional Naval Service Commissioned Officer.

PEARL HARBOR (July 13, 2022) - Mexican Navy Explosives Ordinance Disposal (EOD) and U.S. Navy EOD positions ordnance during a land demolition exercise at Naval Magazine Pearl Harbor during Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) 2022. Twenty-six nations, 38 ships, four submarines, more than 170 aircraft and 25,000 personnel are participating in RIMPAC from June 29 to Aug. 4 in and around the Hawaiian Islands and Southern California. The world's largest international maritime exercise, RIMPAC provides a unique training opportunity while fostering and sustaining cooperative relationships among participants critical to ensuring the safety of sea lanes and security on the world's oceans. RIMPAC 2022 is the 28th exercise in the series that began in 1971.

U.S. Marines and Sailors with 2d Battalion, 2d Marine Regiment, 2d Marine Division, listen to a brief prior to a raid scenario as part of a bilateral jungle training event in Manaus, Brazil, Sept. 27, 2022. Throughout the training event, U.S. Marines applied tactics and knowledge given to them by the Brazilian Marines, who regularly operate in the Amazon jungle. The U.S. integrates with partners by building trust, strengthening interoperability through training and equipment, and reinforcing a shared vision of prosperity and hemispheric security.

030203-M-7031A-059. Base: Marine Corps Base, Ternate State: Cavite Province Country: Philippines (PHL) Scene Major Command Shown: 3rd Battalion, 8th Marines

U.S. Marines with Marine Wing Support Squadron 273, Marine Air Control Group 28, 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing (MAW), conduct an aerial insertion aboard a CH-53 helicopter with Heavy Helicopter Squadron 464, Marine Aircraft Group 29, 2nd MAW, conduct a forward arming and refueling point (FARP) operation, during a field exercise at Ft. Stewart, Georgia, Nov. 1, 2022. A FARP is a temporary site where aircraft can be refueled, allowing for sustained operations closer to the area of operation. The field exercise consisted of FARP operations, ranges, Base Recovery After Attack exercise and many other elements that prepare and allow 2nd MAW to forward deploy and engage anytime and anywhere, at a moments notice.

U.S. Army Staff Sgt. William Bartnick, assigned to Eagle Troop, 2nd Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment, teaches soldiers assigned to the 42nd Mechanized Battalion, 2nd Mechanized Brigade, Bulgarian Land Forces, the optics of the M4 carbine at Novo Selo Training Area, Bulgaria, June 1, 2022. The 2nd Cavalry Regiment is a part of V Corps, America's Forward Deployed Corps in Europe, who works alongside NATO Allies and regional security partners, like Bulgaria, to provide combat ready forces, execute joint and multinational training exercises, and retains command and control for 2nd Cavalry Regiment and all rotational and assigned units in the European theater.

U.S. Marines with Combat Logistics Regiment 37, 3rd Marine Logistics Group, conduct a buddy drag during a bilateral field meet on Camp Kinser, Okinawa, Japan, Dec. 9, 2022. CLR-37 conducted a bilateral field meet to celebrate the holiday season and boost morale with their JGSDF counterparts.

U.S. Marines with Battalion Landing Team 1/4, 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit, set security during a helicopter raid exercise on Ie Shima, Okinawa, Japan, Jan. 31, 2023. The Marines of BLT 1/4 were tasked with capturing and securing objective points from simulated enemy forces during the exercise. The 31st MEU is operating aboard ships of USS America Amphibious Ready Group in the 7th fleet area of operations to enhance interoperability with allies and partners and serve as a ready response force to defend peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific region.

U.S. Marines with 3d Reconnaissance Battalion, 3d Marine Division, and Philippine Marines with Force Reconnaissance Group, conduct a raid rehearsal during Balikatan 22 at Marine Barracks Gregorio Lim, Cavite, Philippines, March 30, 2022. Balikatan is an annual exercise between the Armed Forces of the Philippines and U.S. military designed to strengthen bilateral interoperability, capabilities, trust, and cooperation built over decades of shared experiences. Balikatan, Tagalog for shoulder-to-shoulder, is a long-standing bilateral exercise between the Philippines and the United States highlighting the deep-rooted partnership between both countries. BK22 is the 37th iteration of the exercise and coincides with the 75th anniversary of U.S.-Philippine security cooperation.

U.S. Army Soldiers assigned to the 95th Engineer Company, 130th Engineer Brigade, conduct a land navigation exercise alongside Australian Forces during Rim of the Pacific 22 at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii, July 14, 2022. RIMPAC provides realistic, relevant training that increases participants abilities to plan, communicate and conduct complex maritime operations together efficiently and effectively.

220706-M-RA094-1067 MARINE CORPS BASE HAWAII, Hawaii (July 6, 2022) U.S. Marine Corps Lance Cpl. Reed Mederos ,left, a scout sniper with Weapons Company, Battalion Landing Team, 3d Battalion, 4th Marine Regiment, Marine Air-Ground Task Force 7 (MAGFT-7), from Portland, Oregon, checks shot groupings during a live-fire sniper range in support of Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) 2022, on Marine Corps Base Hawaii, July 6, 2022. Twenty-six nations, 38 ships, four submarines, more than 170 aircraft and 25,000 personnel are participating in RIMPAC from June 29 to Aug. 4 in and around the Hawaiian Islands and Southern California. The worlds largest international maritime exercise, RIMPAC provides a unique training opportunity while fostering and sustaining cooperative relationship among participants critical to ensuring the safety of sea lanes and security on the worlds oceans. RIMPAC 2022 is the 28th exercise in the series that began in 1971.

U.S. Marine Corps Cpl. Frank Hess, right, a rifleman assigned to Charlie Company, Battalion Landing Team 1/5, 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit, demonstrates how to properly apply a tourniquet with a Royal Thai Marine during tactical combat casualty care training as part of Exercise Cobra Gold in Chanthaburi province, Thailand, Feb. 28, 2024. Cobra Gold, now in its 43rd year, is a Thai-U.S. co-sponsored training event that builds on the longstanding friendship between the two allied nations and brings together a robust multinational force to promote regional peace and security in support of a free and open Indo-Pacific. Marine Corps

Staff Sgt Jeancarlo Galindo and 2nd Lt. Helen Park of the New Jersey National Guards Alpha Company, 250th Brigade Support Battalion put the finishing touches on a tent at a logistics supply point at Fort Drum, N.Y. on July 9 prior to the launch of the eXportable Combat Training Capability (XCTC) exercise. The three-week exercise runs from July 10 to July 30 and enables brigade combat teams to achieve the readiness necessary to deploy, fight and win battles throughout the world.

U.S. Marine 2nd Lt. James A. Anders III, right, a combat engineer officer with Marine Wing Support Squadron (MWSS) 172 speaks to Sgt. Antonio Ramirez Jr., a combat engineer with MWSS-172, during a Field Exercise (FEX) at Camp Gonsalves, Okinawa, Japan, Nov. 3, 2022. MWSS-172's Combat Engineer Platoon conducted the FEX to support a proof of concept for expeditionary reconnaissance, landing zone selection, and landing zone clearance.

SAN PEDRO (May 28, 2022) Capt. Daiquan Thomasson demonstrates how to fire a weapon at the Battleship USS Iowa Museum during Los Angeles Fleet Week (LAFW), May 28, 2022. LAFW is an opportunity for the American public to meet their Navy, Marine Corps and Coast Guard teams and experience America's sea services. During fleet week, service members participate in various community service events, showcase capabilities and equipment to the community, and enjoy the hospitality of Los Angeles and its surrounding areas.

U.S. Marine Corps Col. Jonathon N. Sims, 12th Marines Commanding Officer, and Japan Self- Defense Force Col. Watanabe Koki, 2d Division Chief of Staff, Northern Army, address participants during the opening ceremony of Resolute Dragon 22 at Yausubetsu Maneuver Area, Hokkaido, Japan, Oct. 1, 2022. Resolute Dragon 22 is an annual bilateral exercise designed to strengthen the defensive capabilities of the U.S.-Japan Alliance by exercising integrated command and control, targeting, combined arms, and maneuver across multiple domains.

U.S. Marines and Navy Sailors assigned to III Marine Expeditionary Force, participate in a jungle medicine course at the Jungle Warfare Training Center, Okinawa, Japan, Oct. 26, 2022. III MEF hosted a media workshop event for Okinawan media representatives to provide a better understanding of what III MEF does in order to enhance relationships with their host nation. The media representatives had the opportunity to fly on military aircraft, observe live-fire ranges, and visit the JWTC.

Recruits with India Company, 3rd Recruit Training Battalion, complete a 12k hike aboard Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island, S.C, April 30. 2022. Hikes are training events that assists in conditioning recruits through exercise, building moral, and creating a sense of belonging between recruits.

U.S. Marine Corps Sgt. Jonathan Steed, right, a section leader assigned to Charlie Company, Battalion Landing Team 1/5, 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit, shares lunch with a Royal Thai Marine during Exercise Cobra Gold in Chanthaburi province, Thailand, Feb. 29, 2024. Cobra Gold, now in its 43rd year, is a Thai-U.S. co-sponsored training event that builds on the long-standing friendship between the two allied nations and brings together a robust multinational force to promote regional peace and security in support of a free and open Indo-Pacific. Marine Corps

Vice-Almirante Carlos Chagas Vianna Braga, left, and Vice-Almirante Renato Garcia Arruda, center, Vice Admirals in the Brazilian Marine Corps and senior commanders within the fleet marine forces, discuss amphibious operations with Brig. Gen. Len "Loni" Anderson, right, commanding general of 4th Marine Aircraft Wing, Marine Forces Reserve, during the kick off of UNITAS LXIII at Ilha do Governador, Rio de Janeiro, Sept. 6, 2022. The senior leaders within both nations Marine Corps discuss the importance of combined planning and training efforts to retain strong partnerships and ensure their forces are ready when needed. UNITAS, throughout its 63 iterations, has proven to develop and sustain relationships that improve the capacity of our reemerging and enduring maritime partners to achieve common objectives. Additionally, the military-to-military exchanges foster mutual cooperation, understanding, and respect among participating navies and marine corps.

U.S. Marine Corps 81mm mortermen with 3d Battalion, 7th Marine Regiment, Ground Combat Element, Marine Rotational Force-Darwin 22, emplace an 81mm mortar system while supporting a company live-fire event as part of exercise Koolendong 22 at Mount Bundey Training Area, NT, Australia, July 13, 2022. Exercise Koolendong 22 is a combined and joint force exercise focused on expeditionary advanced base operations conducted by U.S. Marines, U.S. Soldiers, U.S. Airmen, and Australian Defence Force personnel.

030427-M-9892R-012. Subject Operation/Series: BALIKATAN 2003 Base: Fort Magsaysay State: Luzon Country: Republic Of The Philippines (PHL) Scene Major Command Shown: 2nd Battalion 7th Marines

220706-M-WC972-3507 MARINE CORPS BASE HAWAII, Hawaii (July 6, 2022) A Mexican Naval Infantry Marine ties the bow to stern line during small boat training with the U.S. Marine Corps, Sri Lankan Navy Marines, the Indonesian Marine Corps, the Mexican Naval Infantry and the Australian Army on Marine Corps Base Hawaii, July 6, 2022, in support of Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) 2022. Twenty-six nations, 38 ships, four submarines, more than 170 aircraft and 25,000 personnel are participating in RIMPAC from June 29 to Aug. 4 in and around the Hawaiian Islands and Southern California. The worlds largest international maritime exercise, RIMPAC provides a unique training opportunity while fostering and sustaining cooperative relationships among participants critical to ensuring the safety of sea lanes and security on the worlds oceans. RIMPAC 2022 is the 28th exercise in the series that began in 1971.

U.S. Marine Corps Sgt. David Sigdestad, an explosive ordnance disposal technician with Marine Wing Support Squadron 171, prepares to place a nunchuck charge as part of as part of an explosive excavation range during exercise Eagle Wrath 22 at Combined Arms Training Center Camp Fuji, Japan, May 14, 2022. Eagle Wrath is an annual Marine Wing Support Squadron 171 exercise at CATC Camp Fuji, Japan, designed to increase squadron proficiency in conducting real-world contingency missions while in a forward operating environment.

U.S. Marines and soldiers with Task Force Pickett, participate in a Marine Corps Martial Arts Program (MCMAP) sparring competition at Fort Pickett, Virginia on Jan. 24, 2022. MCMAP sparring matches are used for Marines to practice executing techniques, learned during MCMAP classes, in a simulated close-quarters combat environment. (U.S. Marine Corps photo by Lance Cpl. David Intriago)

U.S. Marines with 1st Battalion, 2d Marines, and Philippine Marines with Marine Battalion Landing Team 10 conduct close quarters combat training during KAMANDAG 6, in San Vicente, Philippines, Oct. 8, 2022. KAMANDAG is an annual bilateral exercise between the Armed Forces of the Philippines and U.S. military, designed to strengthen interoperability, capabilities, trust, and cooperation built over decades of shared experiences. 1/2 is forward deployed under 4th Marines, 3d Marine Division as part of the Unit Deployment Program.

A 7th Special Forces Group (Airborne) Soldier teaches proper firing techniques to a Guatemalan soldier during CENTAM Guardian 2023 in Guatemala, Mar 15. 2023. CENTAM Guardian 23 (CG23) is an annual multi-national partnership-building exercise designed to build capacity and capabilities with Central American partner nations.

U.S. Marine Corps Sgt. Maj. Restituto Paz, Base Sgt. Maj. of the Combined Arms Training Center speaks with Marines with Charlie Company, 3d Battalion, 12th Marines, 3d Marine Division during Artillery Relocation Training Program 22.2 at the Combined Arms Training Center, Camp Fuji, Japan, Sep. 4, 2022. ARTP is an exercise held to strengthen the defense of Japan and the U.S.-Japan Alliance as the cornerstone of peace and security in the Indo-Pacific region.

Today, soldiers with the Division Sustainment Troops Battalion spent the morning at the range firing the M249. These firers honed their marksmanship skills on the M249, maintaining readiness and enhancing Soldier skills.U.S. Army Photos By: Sgt. Kenyel Jones

U.S. Marines with Combat Logistics Regiment 3, 3d Marine Logistics Group, share Forward Arming and Refueling Point knowledge with members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines during Marine Aviation Support Activity 22.1 in Luzon, Philippines, June 7, 2022. MASA 22 is a bilateral exercise between the Armed Forces of the Philippines and the U.S. Marine Corps, aimed at increasing interoperability and improving aviation-related capabilities in support of U.S.-Philippine mutual defense.

Royal Australian Air Force Commander Air Commodore Robert Graham, commander of the combat support group, speaks to U.S. Marines with Marine Fighter Attack Squadron 232 during Cope North 24 at Tinian, Northern Mariana Islands, Feb. 11, 2024. Allies and partners train together during the multilateral exercise, Cope North 24, to improve shared tactics and multilateral defense capabilities. Marine Corps

U.S. Marines with Battalion Landing Team 1/1, 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit, set security during a boat raid exercise at Kin Blue training area, Okinawa, Japan, Feb. 3, 2024. Marines with BLT 1/1 conducted a raid exercise on Kin Blue training area to strengthen and refine company tactics and procedures when conducting ship to shore raids. The 31st MEU is operating aboard ships of the America Amphibious Ready Group in the 7th fleet area of operations to enhance interoperability with allies and partners and serve as a ready response force to defend peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific region. Marine Corps

U.S. Marines with Battalion Landing Team 2/5, 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit, escort Filipino Marines with the Philippine Marine Corps aboard USS New Orleans (LPD 18), in the Philippine Sea, Oct. 2, 2022. Marines with the 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit and Filipino Marines with the Philippine Marine Corps arrived to the Rushmore in preparation for KAMANDAG 6. KAMANDAG is an annual, bilateral exercise between the Armed Forces of the Philippines and U.S. military designed to strengthen interoperability, capabilities, trust and cooperation built over decades of shared experiences.

U.S. Marine Corps Lance Cpl. Jayden Flora with 26th MEUs Battalion Landing Team 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment participates in non-lethal weapons training on Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, Nov. 4, 2022. During the training, Marines used non-lethal weapons and riot shields to perform crowd control, dispersion, and built confidence in de-escalating potential threats.

U.S. Army Soldiers from 3rd Squadron, 4th Cavalry Regiment, 3rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team, 25th Infantry Division and Malaysian Armed forces treat and evacuate a simulated casualty with a makeshift litter during Keris Strike 22, Malaysia, on June 14, 2022, Keris Strike is a bilateral Army-to-Army military exercise between the Malaysian Army and United States Army Pacific that focuses on enhancing partner land force capacity and capabilities

051007-A-9718B-014. Base: New Orleans State: Louisiana (LA) Country: United States Of America (USA)

Army Chief Warrant Officer Erik Mikkelborg, Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 1st Battalion, 229th Attack Battalion, appreciates a U.S. AH-64 Apache static display with Tentara Nasional Indonesia aviators, Baturaja, Indonesia, July 30, 2022. Garuda Shield, a part of Operation Pathways and a longstanding annual, bilateral military exercise conducted between the U.S. military and Indonesia National Armed Forces, reinforces the U.S. commitments to our allies, and regional partners, joint readiness, and the interoperability to fight and win together. #SuperGarudaShield #FreeAndOpenIndoPacific

U.S. Marines and Sailors assigned to the 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit Maritime Raid Force and reconnaissance Marines from Dispen AL exit an Amphibious Assault Vehicle during a raid as part of Super Garuda Shield 22 on Singkep Island, Aug. 4, 2022. Garuda Shield is an annual combined and joint exercise between the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI) and the U.S. Indo-Pacific Command, designed to strengthen interoperability, capabilities, trust, and cooperation built over decades of shared experiences. The 31st MEU, the Marine Corps only continuously forward-deployed MEU, provides a flexible and lethal force ready to perform a wide range of military operations as the premiere crisis response force in the Indo-Pacific region.

A Republic of Korea Army Major briefs a group of ROK-US Alliance command senior enlisted leaders on remains recovery site at Arrow Head Ridge 281, South Korea, June 22, 2022. Command senior enlisted leaders with the ROK-US Alliance participated in the 2nd Annual Keystone Seminar, a three-day event meant to bring the senior NCOs together to build sprit de corps and learn about Korean military history.

U.S. Marines with All Domain Effects Team (ADET), 5th Air Naval Gunfire Liaison Company (ANGLICO), III Marine Expeditionary Force, conduct communication drills at Iwo To, Japan, May 31, 2022. 5th ANGLICO ADETs are rapidly deployable, task-organized liaison teams that coordinate and synchronize multi-domain fires.

U.S. Marine Corps Staff Sgt. Derrick Beavers, an infantry Marine with India Company, 3rd Battalion, 25th Marine Regiment, 4th Marine Division, gathers information for a nine-line Casualty Evacuation (CASEVAC) request after sustaining a simulated friendly casualty during exercise Tradewinds 2022 (TW22) at Guacamallo Bridge, Belize, on May 13, 2022. A nine-line CASEVAC request is a standard format used by the Armed Forces for coordinating the evacuation of casualties. TW22 is a U.S. Southern Command-sponsored Caribbean-focused multi-dimensional exercise conducted in the ground, air, sea, and cyber domains, designed to provide participating nations opportunities to conduct joint, combined, and interagency training focused on increasing regional cooperation and interoperability in complex multinational security operations.

A U.S. Marine with 2d Assault Amphibian Battalion (AABn), 2d Marine Division competes in a weapon disassembly and reassembly relay during Gator Week on Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, April 4, 2023. Gator Week is an annual field meet held to commemorate the unit's traditions and past accomplishments in order to increase camaraderie and esprit de corps.

MULLIKULAM, Sri Lanka (Jan. 24, 2023) - U.S. Marines and Sailors with Battalion Landing Team 2/4, 13th Marine Expeditionary Unit, respond to a simulated casualty during Cooperation Afloat Readiness and Training/Marine Exercise 2023, Jan. 24. CARAT/MAREX Sri Lanka is a bilateral exercise between Sri Lanka and the United States designed to promote regional security cooperation, practice humanitarian assistance and disaster relief, and strengthen maritime understanding, partnerships, and interoperability. In its 28th year, the CARAT series is comprised of multinational exercises, designed to enhance U.S. and partner forces abilities to operate together in response to traditional and non-traditional maritime security challenges in the Indo-Pacific region.

U.S. Marines with Marine Wing Support Squadron (MWSS) 172 prepare to take down a sniper tower during a squadron field exercise (FEX) at Camp Schwab training grounds, Okinawa, Japan, October 6, 2022. MWSS-172 conducted the squadron FEX to emphasize tactics, techniques and procedures in an Expeditionary Advanced Base Operation (EABO) environment in preparation for the Marine Corps Combat Readiness Evaluation (MCCRE).

Soldiers from 2nd Battalion, 506th Infantry, 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault), overlook enemy positions from a rooftop during a village assault exercise on Fort Campbell, Ky,. July 15, 2022. Soldiers went from room to room and building to building during the exercise to secure the village and neutralize any threat from the opposing force.

Members of the 7th Special ForcesGroup (Airborne) along with their Ecuadorian Special Forces partners go over their jump plan before a high altitude, low opening (HALO) jump in Manta, Ecuador, May 19, 2022. Ecuadorian military and US forces are conducting routine military exchanges from May 6-27 between the cities of Manta and Latacunga. Bilateral exchanges allow both militaries to strengthen tactical readiness for future operations maintain readiness and support continue commitment in responding to emerging security crises and natural disasters.( U.S. Army photos by Staff Sgt. Matthew Griffith)

U.S. Marine Corps Staff Sgt. Jason Kelleher, a Marine Corps Engineer School Instructor with II Marine Expeditionary Force, leads a class for Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps (NROTC) Midshipmen during their Summer Training Program at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, August 1, 2022. NROTC Midshipman Summer Training develops and trains Midshipmen in order to provide the Fleet a competent and professional Naval Service Commissioned Officer.

Soldiers from Mexico and Colombia listen to an instructor from the U.S. Southern Command joint training team during Human Rights training event at Manatee training site in Belize May 10, 2022 during TRADEWINDS22. Tradewinds 2022 is a multinational exercise designed to expand the Caribbean regions capability to mitigate, plan for, and respond to crises; increase regional training capacity and interoperability; develop new and refine existing standard operating procedures; enhance ability to defend exclusive economic zones; and promote human rights and adherence to shared international norms and values; fully integrate women into defense, peace and security missions; and increase maritime domain awareness to deter illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing activities.

U.S. Marines with Marine Wing Support Squadron (MWSS) 171 create expedient demolition charges during a field exercise at Camp Schwab, Okinawa, Japan, Dec. 4, 2022. MWSS-171 conducted this exercise in order to familiarize themselves with expeditionary advanced base operations, demolition operations, urban operations, and different weapon systems.

U.S. Marine Corps Capt. Luke Jackson, foreground, an expeditionary ground reconnaissance officer with the 11th Marine Expeditionary Unit command element, I Marine Expeditionary Force, walks with two Royal Brunei Land Force (RBLF) soldiers with 2nd Battalion, Royal Brunei Landing Force during Cooperation Afloat Readiness and Training (CARAT) Brunei 2022 at Camp Tutong, Brunei, Oct. 24, 2022. CARAT Brunei 2022 highlights the 28th anniversary of CARAT among allies and partners as a way to demonstrate long-term commitment to strengthening relationships throughout South and Southeast Asia and to highlight U.S. Navy commitment to key Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) partners to reinforce ASEAN centrality.

U.S. Servicemembers and Japan Ground Self-Defense Force members observe a chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear defense demonstration during a joint bilateral CBRN exercise at Kadena Air Base, Japan, Feb. 21, 2024. Conducting joint CBRN training allows each service and country to learn from each other to increase interoperability and the ability to respond rapidly to a crisis or contingency. Air Force

U.S. Marine Corps 1st Lt. William Bush IV, a platoon commander with Combat Logistics Battalion 2, Combat Logistics Regiment 2, 2nd Marine Logistics Group, briefs his Marines before conducting a live fire range during the Adversary Force Exercise at Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center Twentynine Palms, California, Feb. 27, 2024. The purpose of AFX is to create a credible, realistic threat for the exercise forces participating in Service Level Training Exercise 2-24. Marine Corps

060501-A-1526R-058. Base: San Salvador Country: El Salvador (SLV)

U.S. Marine Corps Cpl. Joseph Jessop, an infantry Marine with Battalion Landing Team 2/5, 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit, conducts a radio check during a zone reconnaissance exercise at Camp Hansen, Okinawa, Japan, June 30, 2022. The training event was conducted to improve communication and mission effectiveness between units in preparation for potential real-world scenarios. The 31st MEU, the Marine Corps only continuously forward-deployed MEU, provides a flexible and lethal force ready to perform a wide range of military operations as the premiere crisis response force in the Indo-Pacific region.

A Philippine Marine provides security for an amphibious landing during KAMANDAG 6, Zambales, Philippines, Oct. 7, 2022. KAMANDAG is an annual bilateral exercise between the Armed Forces of the Philippines and U.S. military designed to strengthen interoperability, capabilities, trust, and cooperation built over decades of shared experiences.

U.S. Navy corpsmen assigned to the Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni Naval Family Branch Health Clinic perform Tactical Combat Casualty Care in response to a mass casualty event during Exercise Active Shield 22 on MCAS Iwakuni, Japan, Nov. 15, 2022. Exercise Active Shield is a bilateral exercise conducted annually with the Japan Self-Defense Force to better prepare the air stations incident response procedures during base defense operations.

U.S. Marine Corps Sgt. Esequiel Lopezramirez, a landing support specialist with 3rd Landing Support Battalion, 3rd Marine Logistics Group, observes a CH-53E Super Stallion approach Torii Station, Okinawa, Japan, April 19, 2022. Marines with 1st MAW and 3rd MLG conducted helicopter support team (HST) training in preparation for joint service Expeditionary Advanced Base Operations.

A U.S. Marine fires his M27 Infantry Automatic Rifle on an Indonesian range during Exercise Super Garuda Shield on Dodiklatpur Rindam V, East Java, Indonesia., September 1, 2023. Super Garuda Shield 2023 is an annual exercise that has significantly grown in scope and size since 2009. SGS2023 is the second consecutive time this exercise has grown into a combined and joint event, highlighting the 6 participating and 12 observing nations' commitment to partnership and a free and open indo-pacific.

U.S. Marine Corps Recruits with Bravo Company, 1st Recruit Training Battalion, execute Marine Corps Martial Arts Program (MCMAP) techniques during a MCMAP test at Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego, Sept. 1, 2022. The purpose of the MCMAP test is to ensure recruits' accuracy and proficiency in tan belt techniques - the first of five belts a Marine can earn.

Philippine, Republic of Korea, and U.S. Marines take part in a combined amphibious operation alongside the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force during KAMANDAG 6, Zambales, Philippines, Oct. 7, 2022. KAMANDAG is an annual bilateral exercise between the Armed Forces of the Philippines and U.S. military designed to strengthen interoperability, capabilities, trust, and cooperation built over decades of shared experiences.

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