Molecular Models

Vibrant illustrations of molecular structures, including toxins and proteins, showcasing intricate details of biological components.

Whooping cough toxin. Molecular model of the pertussis toxin from the bacterium Bordetella pertussis, the cause of whooping cough. This toxin inhibits...

Sir3 gene silencer acting on DNA, molecular model. Sir3 (light blue) is acting on a circular strand of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid, pink). Sir3 is an e...

Whooping cough toxin. Molecular model of the pertussis toxin from the bacterium Bordetella pertussis, the cause of whooping cough. This toxin inhibits...

Yersinia pestis virulence factor. Molecular model of the V_antigen protein, a virulence factor in Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of the plague.

Beta-actin. Molecular model of the cytoskeletal protein beta-actin bound to profilin. The cytoskeleton maintains the cells' shape, allows some cellula...

Dihydrofolate reductase, molecular model. This enzyme converts the vitamin folic acid into a coenzyme.

Epidermal growth factor molecule. Molecular model of epidermal growth factor (EGF) bound to a receptor. EGF plays an important role in the regulation ...

Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin, molecular model. This is one of several proteins produced by pathogenic E. coli bacteria in the intestines. ...

Anthrax oedema factor. Molecular model of oedema factor (EF) from the anthrax bacterium Bacillus antracis complexed with a calmodulin protein molecule...

Kinesin motor protein, molecular model. Kinesin motor proteins transport vesicles containing intracellular cargo around the cell along microtubules.

Hexokinase, molecular model. This enzyme promotes the conversion (phosphorylation) of glucose into glucose 6-phosphate. Cells then use the glucose 6-p...

Molecular structure of diphtheria toxin, secreted by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae.

HIV reverse transcription enzyme. Molecular model of the reverse transcriptase enzyme found in HIV (the human immunodeficiency virus) bound to the inh...

Serotonin N-acetyl transferase. Molecular model of serotonin N-acetyl transferase complexed with coenzyme A-S-acetyltryptamine. Serotonin N-acetyl tra...

Photosynthetic reaction centre. Molecular model of the photosynthetic reaction centre from the purple bacterium Rhodopseudomonas viridis. This complex...

Copper, zinc superoxide dismutase enzyme, molecular model. This enzyme scavenges and decomposes the potentially toxic first reduction product, superox...

Src protein, molecular model. Src is a tyrosine kinase, a signalling protein in cells that has the ability to 'turn on' protein synthesis and cellular...

Human rotavirus capsid protein, molecular model.

TATA box-binding protein complex. Molecular model showing a yeast TATA box-binding protein (TBP) complexed with a strand of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid...

Yeast mitochondrial processing peptidase, molecular model. This enzyme plays an essential role in importing mitochondrial proteins.

NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase, molecular model. This enzyme catalyses the third step in the citric acid (or Krebs) cycle, the process by whi...

Nitric oxide synthase, molecular model. This enzyme catalyses the production of nitric oxide from L-arginine. Nitric oxide is involved in cellular sig...

Human transferrin receptor, molecular model. This molecule is found on the surface of a cell. It binds transferrins, iron-binding glycoproteins found ...

Bestrophin-1 protein molecule, illustration

Apopain protein and inhibitor. Molecular model of caspase-3, also known as apopain, complexed with an inhibitor. Caspase-3 is a protease, an enzyme th...

T cell receptor antigen complex. Molecular model of the alphabeta T cell receptor bound to the influenza haemagglutinin antigen and MHC class II molec...

Gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase 1, illustration

Beta-lactamase-like protein 2, molecular model.

Birch pollen allergen molecule, illustration

Heterotrimeric G protein complex molecule. Molecular model of a heterotrimeric G protein complex. This protein has three different subunits (heterotri...

Chaperonin protein complex. Molecular model showing the structure of a GroEL GroES (ADP)7 chaperonin complex. Chaperonins are proteins that provide fa...

TNF alpha molecule, illustration

Nitric oxide synthase, molecular model. This enzyme catalyses the production of nitric oxide from L-arginine. Nitric oxide is involved in cellular sig...

Botulinum toxin molecule, illustration

Chorionic gonadotropin molecule, illustration

Lactose binding protein. Molecular model of a lectin protein from the peanut plant (Arachis hypogaea) bound to a lactose molecule. Lectins are highly ...

Whooping cough toxin. Molecular model of the pertussis toxin from the bacterium Bordetella pertussis, the cause of whooping cough. This toxin inhibits...

Hemoglobin (or haemoglobin) (frequently abbreviated as Hb), which is contained in red blood cells, serves as the oxygen carrier in blood

NADP-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase, molecular model. Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) is an enzyme that facilitates the break-down of alcohols in the bod...

Coronavirus nucleocapsid protein. Molecular model of the nucleocapsid protein from the avian infectious bronchitis virus.

Coagulation factor VIII molecule, illustration

Type II topoisomerase, molecular model. The topoisomerase enzymes assist in uncoiling DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA is usually stored in a supercoi...

Uricase, molecular model. This enzyme, also known as urate oxidase, catalyses the last stage of purine catabolism. It is absent from humans.

DNA clamp complexed with DNA molecule. Molecular model showing a sliding DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) clamp (ring) complexed with a molecule of DNA (bl...

Glutamine synthetase enzyme, molecular model. This ligase enzyme forms chemical bonds between molecules. It plays an important role in the metabolism ...

Troponin cardiac protein molecule, illustration

Concanavalin A, molecular model. This lectin protein is found in legumes. Lectins are highly specific sugar-binding proteins that play a role in biolo...

Human prion protein, molecular model. Prions are abnormal proteins that cause a group of fatal neurodegenerative diseases including BSE in cows and CJ...

Molecule of tetanus neurotoxin, illustration

Diels-Alder antibody catalyst. Molecular model of an antibody that can be used to catalyse the Diels-Alder reaction.

Human interferon beta, molecular model. Interferons are proteins produced by white blood cells as part of the immune response to invading pathogens, e...

Computer generated three-dimensional molecular model of hemoglobin

C-reactive protein, molecular model. The protein is made up of five sub-units (monomers) arranged in a ring. The secondary structure of the protein is...

Calcium-binding protein. Molecule model of the calcium-binding protein calmodulin (CaM). This protein is found in all eukaryotic cells, where it regul...

Early endosome antigen 1 (EEA1), molecular model. This protein is involved in the fusion and sorting of endosomes (membrane-bound compartments used to...

RNA exosome complex, molecular model. This multi-protein complex functions to break up strands of RNA (ribonucleic acid, pink) during biochemical proc...

Sindbis virus capsid protein, molecular model.

DNA helicase. Molecular model of a helicase molecule from the SV40 virus. Helicases are enzymes that separate the two strands of the DNA double helix,...

CYP2D6 liver enzyme molecule, illustration

Ribosomal subunit. Computer model showing the structure of the RNA (ribonucleic acid) molecules in an 80S (large) ribosomal sub-unit. Ribosomes are co...

Human serum albumin molecule, illustration

SelB elongation factor bound to RNA. Molecular model of the SelB elongation factor bound to an mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid) hairpin formed by the...

Poly(A) polymerase and RNA. Molecular model of poly(A) polymerase complexed with RNA (ribonucleic acid) and ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Poly(A) poly...

LAC repressor bound to DNA. Molecular model of a LAC (lactose) repressor molecule (pink and turquoise) interacting with bacterial DNA (deoxyribonuclei...

HIV-1 capsid in intact virus particle

CRISPR-CAS9 gene editing complex from Streptococcus pyogenes. The Cas9 nuclease protein uses a guide RNA sequence to cut DNA at a complementary site. ...

CRISPR-CAS9 gene editing complex from Streptococcus pyogenes. The Cas9 nuclease protein uses a guide RNA sequence to cut DNA at a complementary site. ...

Isocitrate dehydrogenase, molecular model. This enzyme catalyses the third step in the citric acid (or Krebs) cycle, the process by which mitochondria...

Multidrug transporter. Molecular model of the multidrug transporter EmrD from the bacterium Escherichia coli. This protein pumps drugs, including anti...

HGPRTase. Molecular model of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRTase) bound to a molecule of guanosine monophosphate (GMP). HGPRTase ...

CETP protein molecule, illustration

HIV reverse transcription enzyme. Molecular model of the reverse transcriptase enzyme found in HIV (the human immunodeficiency virus). Reverse transcr...

Coagulation factor VIII molecule, illustration

Flu virus surface protein and drug. Molecular model of the neuraminidase glycoprotein enzyme from on the surface of the influenza A (flu) virus bound ...

Outer membrane receptor protein. Molecular model of FecA an outer membrane receptor protein.

CRISPR-CAS9 gene editing complex from Streptococcus pyogenes. The Cas9 nuclease protein uses a guide RNA sequence to cut DNA at a complementary site. ...

Interleukin-1 beta, molecular model. This cytokine immune protein is an important mediator of the inflammatory response.

Cre-Lox recombination. Molecular model of the enzyme CRE (cyclization recombination) recombinase (beige) mediating the recombination of strands of DNA...

TNF alpha molecule, illustration

ATPase molecule. Molecular model of the central stalk of an ATP synthase (ATPase) molecule from a cow. ATPase is an important enzyme that provides ene...

Amylase. Molecular model of the enzyme alpha-amylase from the human pancreas. Amylase catalyses the breakdown of starch to sugars, and so starts the d...

Abstract molecules, computer illustration.

NAD dependent DNA ligase. Molecular model of NAD(+)-dependent DNA ligase. DNA ligase is an enzyme that binds two strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid...

ATP-binding cassette transporter. Molecular model of the human mitochondrial ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCB10. This protein is found on the inn...

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex enzyme. Molecular model of dihydrolipoyl transacetylase one of the enzymes in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. This ...

Catalase. Molecular model of catalase from a cow liver. This enzyme to water and oxygen. Hydrogen peroxide is a highly toxic byproduct of a number of ...

Bacteriophage DNA recombination. Molecular model showing DNA manipulation and recombination taking place at a Holliday junction with a bacteriophage e...

C-reactive protein, molecular model. The protein is made up of five sub-units (monomers) arranged in a ring. The secondary structure of the protein is...

Hexokinase, molecular model. This enzyme promotes the conversion (phosphorylation) of glucose into glucose 6-phosphate. Cells then use the glucose 6-p...

Trypsinogen molecule. Molecular model of trypsinogen, the precursor to the digestive protease enzyme trypsin, complexed with an inhibitor. Trypsin is ...

Interferon alpha 2a molecule, illustration

Monoclonal antibody IgG1 molecule, illustration

MHC protein-antigen complex. Molecular model of the human class I MHC (major histocompatibility complex) protein HLA-B27 complexed with beta-2 microgl...

Molecular model of the flap endonuclease protein. This is a class of nucleolytic enzymes that act as both 5'-3' exonucleases and structure-specific en...

Immunoglobulin G antibody molecule. Computer model of the secondary structure of immunoglobulin G (IgG). This is the most abundant immunoglobulin and ...

Monoclonal antibody IgG2a molecule, illustration

Three-dimensional computer generated model of a nucleosome based upon the Protein Database entry 1AOI This a 146 base pair long DNA fragment folded within the nucleosome

Bacterial ribosome. Molecular model of a 30S (small) ribosomal sub-unit from the bacteria Thermus thermophilus. Ribosomes are composed of protein and ...

Green fluorescent protein (GFP), molecular model. The molecule has a cylindrical structure formed from beta sheets (ribbons). GFP is found in the Paci...

Illustration showing the structure of an antibody, or immunoglobulin, molecule. These Y-shaped molecules have two arms that can bind to specific antig...

HIV nucleocapsid protein. Molecular model of the nucleocapsid protein (yellow) from HIV-1 (human immunodeficiency virus-type 1) complexed with the Psi...

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