Molecular Models

Detailed 3D models of various proteins and enzymes, illustrated in vibrant colors, depicting their complex structures and functions in biological processes.

Androgen receptor and modulator. Molecular model of a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) bound to an androgen receptor.

Citrate synthase, molecular model. This enzyme is involved in the first step of the citric acid (or Krebs) cycle, the process by which mitochondria co...

Stress-responsive activator protein. Molecular model of the stress-responsive activator of p300 (strap) protein. This protein is activated when certai...

Tetanus toxin C-fragment. Molecular model of a fragment of the neurotoxin protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium tetani that causes tetanus. Th...

Human growth hormone. Molecular model of human growth hormone (hGH, orange) bound to the extracellular domain of the human growth hormone binding prot...

Androgen receptor and modulator. Molecular model of a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) bound to an androgen receptor.

Antibiotic resistance enzyme. Molecular model of an aminoglycoside phosphotransferase enzyme. This enzyme confers resistance to aminoglycoside antibio...

Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I. Molecule model of the Klenow, or large, fragment from DNA polymerase I complexed with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid,...

Acetylcholine receptor. Molecular model showing the structure of a nicotinic acetlycholine receptor. This receptor, for the neurotransmitter acetylcho...

Human tissue factor. Molecular model of human tissue factor, also known as factor III. Tissue factor is found on the outside of blood vessels and play...

Yersinia pestis virulence factor. Molecular model of the V-antigen protein, a virulence factor in Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of the plague.

HIV-1 protease and inhibitor. Molecular model of the enzyme HIV-1 protease (pink and blue ribbons) bound to an inhibitor molecule (centre). This enzym...

Ribonuclease bound to inhibitor, molecular model. Ribonuclease (RNase) is a type of nuclease that catalyses the degradation of RNA (ribonucleic acid) ...

Human pathogen recognition molecule. Molecular model of a complex between human lymphocyte antigen 96 and toll-like receptor 4. This complex detects l...

Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria inside biofilm, computer illustration. This is a Gram-negative, aerobic, enteric, rod prokaryote. P. aeruginosa causes...

Multidrug efflux pump. Molecular model of the multidrug efflux pump AcrB from the bacterium Escherichia coli transporting two doxorubicin molecules. T...

Gene activator protein. Molecular model of catabolite gene activator protein (CAP, yellow) complexed with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA, red and blue) an...

Alpha-galactosidase enzyme molecule, illustration

Aspartyl-tRNA synthetase protein molecule. Molecular model showing bacterial aspartyl-tRNA synthetase complexed with aspartyl tRNA (transfer ribonucle...

Thrombin complexed with fibrinogen, molecular model. The thrombin molecules (beige, right and left) are bound to the central part of the fibrinogen mo...

Antibiotic resistance enzyme. Molecular model of an aminoglycoside phosphotransferase enzyme. This enzyme confers resistance to aminoglycoside antibio...

Birch pollen allergen. Molecular model of Bet v 1l, the molecule responsible for allergic reactions to birch pollen. Here, Bet v 1l is shown in comple...

Antibodies and their antigen. Molecular model showing the molecular structure of two anti-P-glycoprotein antibodies (upper left and right) and the P-g...

Tumour suppressor protein, molecular model. P53 prevents the proliferation of cells with damaged DNA. Its production occurs in response to radiation a...

Citrate synthase, molecular model. This enzyme is involved in the first step of the citric acid (or Krebs) cycle, the process by which mitochondria co...

Trypsin digestive enzyme molecule, illustration

Xanthine dehydrogenase molecule. Molecular model of the Xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) enzyme. XDH is an oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyses the last t...

Repair protein and DNA. Molecular model of the Ku heterodimer (yellow and pink) bound to a strand of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid, red and blue) as part...

Trypsin molecule. Molecular model of the digestive protease enzyme beta-trypsin complexed with an inhibitor. Trypsin is released by the pancreas to br...

Hepatitis C polymerase enzyme, molecular model. This protein is the NS5b RNA polymerase found in the virus hepatitis C (genotype-1b, strain J4). It pl...

Erythropoietin. Molecular model of the human erythropoietin (EPO) hormone. Erythropoietin regulates blood oxygen levels in the body, when levels are l...

Rous sarcoma virus capsid protein. Molecular model of the N-terminal domain of the Rous sarcoma virus capsid protein.

ATPase molecule. Molecular model of the central stalk of an ATP synthase (ATPase) molecule from a cow. ATPase is an important enzyme that provides ene...

Eye lens protein. Molecular model of delta-crystallin, a protein found in the lens of the eye. The regular arrangement of the protein in the lens is t...

Haemoglobin, molecular model. Haemoglobin is a metalloprotein that transports oxygen around the body in red blood cells. Each molecule consists of iro...

Computer generated three-dimensional molecular model of hemoglobin, based upon the Protein Database entry number, 1gzx. In this model, the heme groups of the hemoglobin are oxygenated

Ricin. Molecular model of the toxic protein ricin. It comprises two entwined amino acid chains, termed A and B. The A-chain is toxic, inhibiting prote...

Carbonic anhydrase, molecular model. This enzyme catalyses the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide.

Restriction enzyme and DNA. Molecular model showing an EcoRI endonuclease enzyme (purple and green) bound to a DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecule (r...

Human prion protein molecule, illustration

Alpha-galactosidase enzyme molecule, illustration

OXY-MYOGLOBIN Molecule

Borna disease virus nucleoprotein, molecular model.

Human growth hormone molecule, illustration

Hepatitis C glycoprotein and antibody. Molecular model of the E2 envelope glycoprotein from the hepatitis C virus bound to a neutralising antibody.

cAMP-dependent protein kinase, molecular model. This enzyme is also known as protein kinase A (PKA). This is the holoenzyme, which consists of two reg...

Anthrax lethal factor, molecular model. This enzyme is one of three protein components that form the anthrax toxin produced by the bacterium Bacillus ...

Plexin signal transduction molecule. Molecular model of plexin-A4 a signal transduction protein that is involved in neural maintenance and regeneratio...

Parathion hydrolase, molecular model. This enzyme hydrolyses bonds in organophosphates, which include pesticides and the nerve gas sarin.

Secondary structure of a protein.

Nucleosome, molecular model. A nucleosome is a subunit of chromatin, the substance that forms chromosomes. It consists of a short length of DNA (deoxy...

Bacteriorhodopsin protein. Molecular model showing the structure of bacteriorhodopsin (bR), a protein found in primitive micro-organisms known as Arch...

Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Molecular model of the human type 5 hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzyme bound to a molecule of the steroid drug androste...

Retinal-producing oxygenase enzyme, molecular model. This enzyme plays a role in the production and metabolism of retinal and other apocarotenoids. Re...

CYP2D6 liver enzyme molecule, illustration

Nucleoside diphosphate kinase. Molecular model of the enzyme nucleoside diphosphate kinase from the Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus. This enzyme cata...

Tetanus toxin C-fragment. Molecular model of a fragment of the neurotoxin protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium tetani that causes tetanus. Th...

Nerve growth factor bound to receptor. Molecular model of nerve growth factor (NGF) bound to the p75 neurotrophin receptor. NGF is a neurotrophin that...

Transcription factor and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Molecular model showing the 6 zinc fingers of transcription factor IIIA (yellow) bound to RNA (ribonucl...

Hexokinase and glucose complex. Molecular model of a complex between the enzyme hexokinase and the sugar glucose. Hexokinase promotes the conversion (...

Multidrug transporter. Molecular model of the multidrug transporter Sav1866 from the bacterium Escherichia coli. This protein pumps drugs, including a...

Molecular model of a Heat Shock Protein (HSP).HSPs are a group of proteins whose levels increase when cells are exposed to raised temperatures or othe...

Coagulation factor VIII molecule, illustration

Fatty acid binding protein 9. Molecular model of human testis-specific fatty acid binding protein 9.

Cytochrome C, molecular model. Cytochrome molecules perform oxidation and reduction reactions for electron transport, a chain of reactions used to pow...

Serum transferrin, molecular model. Transferrins are iron-binding glycoproteins found in blood plasma.

Interferon gamma molecule, illustration

MscS ion channel protein structure. Molecular model of a mechanosensitive channel of small conductance (MscS) from an Escherichia coli bacterium. MscS...

Multidrug efflux pump. Molecular model of the multidrug efflux pump AcrB from the bacterium Escherichia coli. This protein pumps drugs, including anti...

Leptin molecule. Molecular model of the human hormone leptin. Leptin is a protein produced by adipose (fat) tissue. It interacts with receptors in the...

Triose phosphate isomerase (TPI), molecular model. TPI is essential for glycolysis and catalyses the reversible interconversion of dihydroxyacetone ph...

Poly(A) polymerase and RNA. Molecular model of poly(A) polymerase complexed with RNA (ribonucleic acid) and ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Poly(A) poly...

Eye lens protein. Molecular model of beta-crystallin, a protein found in the lens of the eye. The regular arrangement of the protein in the lens is th...

Human muscle aldolase. Molecular model of the enzyme human muscle aldolase complexed with its substrate fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. This enzyme is invo...

C-reactive protein molecule, illustration

Interferon gamma, molecular model. Interferon gamma is produced by certain immune cells (T cells, dendritic cells and NK cells) as part of the immune ...

Beta-2 adrenergic receptor. Molecular model of a human beta-2 adrenergic receptor bound to an antibody. Beta receptors respond to adrenalin, causing a...

Type I topoisomerase bound to DNA. Molecular model showing a type I topoisomerase molecule (blue) bound to a strand of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid, yel...

Bacteriorhodopsin protein. Molecular model showing the structure of bacteriorhodopsin (bR), a protein found in primitive micro-organisms known as Arch...

HIV antibody therapy. Molecular model of the interaction of the HIV surface protein gp120 (green) as it interacts with a human white blood cell surfac...

Herpesvirus capsid protein. Molecular model of the major capsid protein VP5 from herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1). This virus infects epithelial cells a...

Immune checkpoint protein molecule, illustration

Hepatitis C glycoprotein and antibody. Molecular model of the E2 envelope glycoprotein from the hepatitis C virus bound to a neutralising antibody.

TATA box-binding protein and DNA. Molecular model showing a TATA box-binding protein (TBP) complexed with a strand of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid, red ...

Caspase-9 complexed with an inhibitor, molecular model. Caspase-9 is a protease, an enzyme that cleaves proteins, that plays a role in apoptosis (prog...

Lactose transporter protein. Molecular model of the transmembrane transport protein lactose permease bound with a lactose homolog. This protein, from ...

Chymotrypsin digestive enzyme, molecular model. Chymotrypsin is a protease, an enzyme that breaks down proteins and peptides. It is secreted into the ...

Single stranded DNA-binding protein (SSBP). Molecular model of a protein that binds to the single stranded DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) in human mitoch...

Human prion protein molecule, illustration

Interferon gamma molecule, illustration

Creatine kinase molecule. This enzyme catalyses the phosphorylation of creatine to creatine phosphate. It plays an important role in energy metabolism...

Coagulation factor complex molecule. Molecular model showing a blood clotting factor VIIa-tissue factor complex molecule. Tissue factor, also known as...

Trypsin digestive enzyme molecule, illustration

Cell death 1 protein molecule, illustration

Protein kinase regulatory subunit. Molecular model of a regulatory subunit from cAMP-dependent protein kinase bound to. This enzyme is also known as p...

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody, molecular model. This is the most abundant immunoglobulin and is found in all body fluids. Each Y-shaped molecule has...

VMA-1 derived endonuclease. Molecular model of the VMA-1 derived endonuclease restriction enzyme. Restriction enzymes, also known as restriction endon...

Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus protein. Molecular model of domain III of the Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus envelope protein.

Beta-lactoglobulin protein molecule, illustration

Outer membrane receptor protein. Molecular model of FecA an outer membrane receptor protein.

Photosystem I. Molecular model of the photosystem I complex from the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus. Shown here are beta-carotene, alpha-chlor...

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